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Fernández A, Vaquero L, Bajo R, Zuluaga P; ADNI–Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Apolipoprotein E ɛ4-related effects on cognition are limited to the Alzheimer's disease spectrum. GeroScience 2021. [PMID: 34591236 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the deleterious effects of APOE4 are restricted to the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) spectrum or cause cognitive impairment irrespectively of the development of AD is still a matter of debate, and the focus of this study. Our analyses included APOE4 genotype, neuropsychological variables, amyloid-βeta (Aβ) and Tau markers, FDG-PET values, and hippocampal volumetry data derived from the healthy controls sample of the ADNI database. We formed 4 groups of equal size (n = 30) based on APOE4 carriage and amyloid-PET status. Baseline and follow-up (i.e., 48 months post-baseline) results indicated that Aβ-positivity was the most important factor to explain poorer cognitive performance, while APOE4 only exerted a significant effect in Aβ-positive subjects. Additionally, multiple regression analyses evidenced that, within the Aβ-positive sample, hippocampal volumetry explained most of the variability in cognitive performance for APOE4 carriers. These findings represent a strong support for the so-called preclinical/prodromal hypothesis, which states that the reported differences in cognitive performance between healthy carriers and non-carriers are mainly due to the APOE4’s capability to increase the risk of AD. Moreover, our results reinforce the notion that a synergistic interaction of Aβ and APOE4 elicits a neurodegenerative process in the hippocampus that might be the main cause of impaired cognitive performance.
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Tait C, Brockmann A, Naug D. Nesting ecology does not explain slow-fast cognitive differences among honeybee species. Anim Cogn 2021; 24:1227-1235. [PMID: 33907939 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Slow-fast behavioral and life history differences have been tied to slow-fast variation in cognition that is part of the general speed-accuracy tradeoff. While there is growing evidence for such cognitive variation and its association with behavior and life history at the intraspecific level, it is unknown if a similar relationship extends to the interspecific level. Since interspecific differences in cognition have been shown to be a function of ecology and life history, such differences should be reflected in multiple traits that comprise the slow-fast cognitive axis. In this study, by measuring multiple cognitive traits in individuals, we tested for differences in the cognitive phenotype among four honeybee species, which differ in their behavior and life history in a manner that is associated with differences in their nesting ecology. Our results indicate that a set of cognitive traits consistently covary within each species, resulting in slow and fast cognitive phenotypes that largely meet the predictions of the speed-accuracy tradeoff. We also find that the four species group into two distinct clusters on a slow-fast cognitive axis, although their positions do not align with the known differences in their life history and nesting ecology. We instead find that cognitive differences among the four species are correlated with their brain size. We discuss the possible implications of these results for the role of ecology on slow-fast cognitive differences and the evolution of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tait
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Axel Brockmann
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Dhruba Naug
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Podda J, Ponzio M, Pedullà L, Monti Bragadin M, Battaglia MA, Zaratin P, Brichetto G, Tacchino A. Predominant cognitive phenotypes in multiple sclerosis: Insights from patient-centered outcomes. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 51:102919. [PMID: 33799285 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since combining information from different domains could be useful to increase prediction accuracy over and above what can be achieved at the level of single category of markers, this study aimed to identify distinct and predominant subtypes, i.e., cognitive phenotypes, in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) considering both cognitive impairment and mood disorders. METHODS A latent class analysis (LCA) was applied on data from 872 PwMS who were tested with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Furthermore, the distribution of demographic (i.e., age, gender, years of education) and clinical characteristics (i.e., disease duration, disease course, disability level) was examined amongst the identified phenotypes. RESULTS Based on model fit and parsimony criteria, LCA identified four cognitive phenotypes: 1) only memory difficulties (n = 247; 28.3%); 2) minor memory and language deficits with mood disorders (n = 185; 21.2%); 3) moderate memory, language and attention impairments (n = 164; 18.8%); 4) severe memory, language, attention, information processing and executive functions difficulties (n = 276; 31.7%). CONCLUSIONS Since less is known about the progressive deterioration of cognition in PwMS, a taxonomy of distinct subtypes that consider information from different clustered domains (i.e., cognition and mood) represents both a challenge and opportunity for an advanced understanding of cognitive impairments and development of tailored cognitive treatments in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Podda
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Michela Ponzio
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ludovico Pedullà
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy
| | - Margherita Monti Bragadin
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy; AISM Rehabilitation Service, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Society, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Alberto Battaglia
- Department of Physiopathology, Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Zaratin
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Brichetto
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy; AISM Rehabilitation Service, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Society, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Tacchino
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy
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Lebl J, Hamza RT, Stoklasova J, Zapletalova J, Kolouskova S, Soucek O, Obermannova B, Snajderova M, Amaratunga SA, Sumnik Z, Pavlikova M, Pruhova S. Primary School Performance of Girls with Turner Syndrome: A Transcultural Assessment. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2019; 17:117-124. [PMID: 31763804 DOI: 10.17458/per.vol17.2019.lhs.gilrsturnersyndrome] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analyzed primary school performance of girls with Turner syndrome (TS) in two distinct countries to ascertain if the cognitive phenotype of TS causes selective learning difficulties. METHODS The cohort comprised of 44 Czech and 50 Egyptian girls with TS who attended public schools. School reports from grades 1 to 9 were obtained retrospectively from Czech participants with TS. Only recent school reports were obtained from Egyptian participants. Two controls per participant were requested - biological sisters and/or female classmates. The results were converted into a 5-point scale (1-excellent; 5-unsatisfactory). RESULTS Analysis of longitudinal Czech data displayed a strong time component in both subjects and controls. Showing better points in lower grades with its gradual worsening as the education complexity increased. In contrast, there was a strong statistically significant difference between groups in Mathematics (p=0.0041, p=0.0205 after Bonferroni correction) and this difference increased over time. The points for Mathematics did not differ in grades 1+2 (0.05 difference in mean grade between the two groups), however, they differed by 0.28 in grades 6+7 and by 0.32 in grades 8+9. While slightly different in character (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal), the Egyptian cohort data confirmed our findings, showing no difference in general school performance but having similar trends in Mathematics (grades 1+2: 0.11, grades 6+7: 0.54, grades 8+9: 0.68; p=0.0058, p=0.029 after Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSION Excluding results in Mathematics, which showed pronounced worsening in relation to age in comparison with unaffected controls, girls with TS performed similarly to their controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lebl
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic, E-mail:
| | | | - Judith Stoklasova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Zapletalova
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University and Olomouc University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislava Kolouskova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soucek
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Obermannova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Snajderova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shenali Anne Amaratunga
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sumnik
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Pavlikova
- Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepanka Pruhova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Livingston LA, Happé F. Conceptualising compensation in neurodevelopmental disorders: Reflections from autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:729-742. [PMID: 28642070 PMCID: PMC7374933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Within research into neurodevelopmental disorders, little is known about the mechanisms underpinning changes in symptom severity across development. When the behavioural presentation of a condition improves/symptoms lessen, this may be because core underlying atypicalities in cognition/neural function have ameliorated. An alternative possibility is 'compensation'; that the behavioural presentation appears improved, despite persisting deficits at cognitive and/or neurobiological levels. There is, however, currently no agreed technical definition of compensation or its behavioural, cognitive and neural characteristics. Furthermore, its workings in neurodevelopmental disorders have not been studied directly. Here, we review current evidence for compensation in neurodevelopmental disorders, using Autism Spectrum Disorder as an example, in order to move towards a better conceptualisation of the construct. We propose a transdiagnostic framework, where compensation represents the processes responsible for an observed mismatch between behaviour and underlying cognition in a neurodevelopmental disorder, at any point in development. Further, we explore potential cognitive and neural mechanisms driving compensation and discuss the broader relevance of the concept within research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Anne Livingston
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Francesca Happé
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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Biswas AB, Furniss F. Cognitive phenotype and psychiatric disorder in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A review. Res Dev Disabil 2016; 53-54:242-257. [PMID: 26942704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The behavioural phenotype of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome syndrome (22q11DS), one of the most common human multiple anomaly syndromes, frequently includes intellectual disability (ID) together with high risk of diagnosis of psychotic disorders including schizophrenia. Candidate cognitive endophenotypes include problems with retrieval of contextual information from memory and in executive control and focussing of attention. 22q11DS may offer a model of the relationship between ID and risk of psychiatric disorder. This paper reviews research on the relationship between the cognitive phenotype and the development of psychiatric disorders in 22q11DS. Aspects of cognitive function including verbal I.Q., visual memory, and executive function, are associated with mental health outcome in people with 22q11DS. This relationship may result from a common neurobiological basis for the cognitive difficulties and psychiatric disorders. Some of the cognitive difficulties experienced by people with 22q11DS, especially in attention, memory retrieval, and face processing, may, however, in themselves constitute risk factors for development of hallucinations and paranoid delusions. Future research into factors leading to psychiatric disorder in people with 22q11DS should include assessment of social and psychological factors including life events, symptoms associated with trauma, attachment, and self-esteem, which together with cognitive risk factors may mediate mental health outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit B Biswas
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust & University of Leicester* Leicester Frith Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QF, UK.
| | - Frederick Furniss
- The Hesley Group* Doncaster* U.K. & University of Leicester, 104 Regent Road, Leicester LE1 7LT, UK.
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Lam YG. Re-examining the cognitive phenotype in autism: a study with young Chinese children. Res Dev Disabil 2013; 34:4591-4598. [PMID: 24171826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Deficits consistently found in autism include an impaired "theory of mind", weak central coherence, and deficits in executive function. The current study examined whether this traditional cluster of symptoms existed in a group of Chinese-speaking children with autism. Sixteen high-functioning, non-retarded children with autism were matched to 16 typically developing (TD) children on gender, non-verbal IQ and age. Non-verbal IQ's of all participants were measured using the Raven Progressive Matrices. Each participant was tested individually on measures of "theory of mind", central coherence and executive function. Results indicated that most, but not all, participants with autism performed significantly poorer on two standard measures of first-order "theory of mind," although there was no significant difference on two other measures of that domain. As expected, they performed significantly worse on executive function tasks. However, the hypothesis of weak central coherence in autism was not substantiated. There was no evidence that these three cognitive impairments co-existed in individuals with autism. More likely, each of these deficits appears singly or in pair instead of forming a cluster.
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