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Çam F, Sevik MO, Aykut A, Dericioğlu V, Şahin Çam C, Şahin Ö. Dysfunctional personality beliefs and psychopathology in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. J Fr Ophtalmol 2024; 47:103997. [PMID: 37919151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2023.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess dysfunctional personality beliefs associated with specific personality disorders (PD), as well as psychopathological symptoms and psychological distress levels in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included acute and chronic CSC patients and age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Dysfunctional personality beliefs and psychopathological symptoms assessed with Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form and Symptom Check List-90 Revised (SCL-90-R), respectively, were compared between CSC patients and healthy volunteers and between acute and chronic CSC patients. MAIN RESULTS Of the 55 CSC patients included in the study analysis, 21 (38.2%) had acute and 34 (61.8%) chronic CSC. Avoidant PD (13.92±3.79 vs. 12.03±3.98, P=0.012) and obsessive-compulsive PD (13.94±3.95 vs. 12.27±3.75, P=0.025) scores on the PBQ-SF were significantly higher in CSC patients than in healthy volunteers. The PBQ-SF scores were similar between acute and chronic CSC patients. CSC patients scored significantly higher on the general severity index (GSI) and all symptom dimensions except phobic anxiety and psychoticism on the SCL-90-R. In addition, scores for obsessive-compulsive, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation, and GSI were significantly higher in acute than in chronic CSC patients. CONCLUSIONS This first study investigating the relationship between CSC and dysfunctional personality beliefs indicates that CSC patients have higher levels of dysfunctional beliefs related to avoidant and obsessive-compulsive PD than healthy volunteers. These findings present a new aspect of the personality profile of CSC patients and point to a target for intervention, i.e., dysfunctional beliefs, through a cognitive-psychiatric approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Çam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - M O Sevik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Aykut
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - V Dericioğlu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Şahin Çam
- Department of Psychiatry, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ö Şahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Hards E, Orchard F, Reynolds S. 'I am tired, sad and kind': self-evaluation and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:126. [PMID: 37941014 PMCID: PMC10633984 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although self-evaluation i.e., negative perceptions of the self is a common depression symptom in adolescents, little is known about how this population spontaneously describe their self and available data on adolescent self-evaluation is limited. This study aimed to generate and report on a list of words used by healthy adolescents and those with elevated depression symptoms to describe their self-evaluation. Linguistic analysis (LIWC) was then used to compare self-evaluation between the two groups. METHODS Adolescents aged 13-18 years (n = 549) completed a measure of depression symptoms (the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire) and a measure of self-evaluation (the Twenty Statements Test). Responses were then collated and presented in a freely accessible resource and coded using Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) analysis. RESULTS Self-evaluation words generated by adolescents were uploaded to a publicly accessible site for future research: https://doi.org/10.15125/BATH-01234 . Adolescents with elevated depression symptoms described themselves as 'Tired' and 'Sad' more than healthy adolescents. However, there was no difference between groups in respect to their use of specific positive, prosocial self-evaluation 'words' (i.e., 'Caring' and 'Kind). Following Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) analysis, adolescents with elevated depression symptoms generated significantly more words than healthy adolescents, generated more words classified as negative emotion, anxiety and sadness and generated fewer words classified positive emotion than healthy adolescents. CONCLUSIONS As predicted by the cognitive model of depression, our findings suggest that adolescents with elevated symptoms of depression generated more negative self-evaluation words than healthy adolescents; however they also generated prosocial positive self-evaluation words at the same rate as non-depressed adolescents. These novel data therefore identify an 'island' of resilience that could be targeted and amplified by psychological treatments for adolescent depression, and thus provide an additional technique of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hards
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Faith Orchard
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Shirley Reynolds
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading, RG6 7BE, UK
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Lee SW, Cha H, Jang TY, Kim E, Song H, Chang Y, Lee SJ. The Neural Correlates of Positive Versus Negative Thought-action Fusion in Healthy Young Adults. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2021; 19:628-639. [PMID: 34690118 PMCID: PMC8553530 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.4.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective Thought-action fusion (TAF), one of the most-studied dysfunctional beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder, represents an individual’s belief that his/her thoughts directly influence events. TAF belief types are divided into personal thoughts relating to positive (positive TAF) and negative outcomes (negative TAF). However, the neural mechanisms underlying both aspects of the TAF response remain elusive. Methods This functional magnetic resonance imaging study aimed to investigate the neural circuits related to positive and negative TAF and their relationships with psychological measures. Thirty-one healthy male volunteers participated in a modified TAF task wherein they were asked to read the name of a close person embedded in positive statements (PS) or negative statements (NS). Results Conjunction analysis revealed activation of the fusiform and lingual gyri, midcingulate and superior medial frontal gyri, inferior orbitofrontal gyrus, and temporoparietal junction. The NS > PS comparison showed additional activation in the precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, insula, globus pallidus, thalamus, and midbrain. Precuneus activity was associated with the TAF score among these areas. Moreover, activity in the inferior orbitofrontal gyrus, insula, superior, middle and medial frontal gyri, globus pallidus, inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus was associated with dimensional obsessive-compulsive scores. In contrast, the PS > NS comparison revealed no significant activation. Conclusion These results suggest that negative TAF, relative to positive TAF, recruits additional regions for self-referential processing, salience, and habitual responding, which may contribute to the activation of the belief that a negative thought increases the probability of that negative outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Departments of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyunsil Cha
- Departments of Medical & Biological Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae Yang Jang
- Departments of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Departments of Medical & Biological Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Huijin Song
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongmin Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Radiology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Departments of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Kim JE, Lee SJ. Thought-Action Fusion as Predictors of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Dimensions. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:1226-1235. [PMID: 34724603 PMCID: PMC8560337 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There have been several studies investigating the relationships between dysfunctional beliefs and obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, studies about the relationships between dysfunctional beliefs, especially thought-action fusion (TAF), and OC symptom dimensions have been scarce. Therefore, this study examined to what extent and how TAF subcomponents account for unique variability in four OC symptom dimensions. METHODS Sixty-five patients with OCD and 45 healthy controls aged between 18 and 30 years completed measures for OC symptom dimensions, OC symptoms, and dysfunctional beliefs such as TAF, trait-guilt, and inflated responsibility. RESULTS Three facets of TAF were exclusively associated with two symptom domains, namely, responsibility for harm and unacceptable thoughts, and explained the additional but small amount of variance to predict these two domains. In particular, the likelihood-others TAF positively predicted the unacceptable thoughts domain, whereas the likelihood-self TAF negatively predicted the aforementioned domain. For OC symptoms measured by the OC Inventory, no TAF components predicted the corresponding obsessing and mental neutralizing symptoms. CONCLUSION This study provides supporting evidence that the three TAF subcomponents may be differently associated with certain OC symptom dimensions, and a dimensional approach may complement typical symptom-oriented OC measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Kim Ji Eun Psychiatric Clinic, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Hards E, Ellis J, Fisk J, Reynolds S. Negative view of the self and symptoms of depression in adolescents. J Affect Disord 2020; 262:143-148. [PMID: 31733458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although negative self-evaluation is a common symptom of depression in adolescents, there is little understanding of how the self is associated with depression. Beck (1967) proposed that a negative view of the self was a 'hallmark' of depression. In contrast Linville (1985; 1987) proposed that holding multiple aspects of the self was associated with lower levels of depression. The aim of this paper is to evaluate these two models of self and depression in adolescents. METHODS Young people aged 13-18 years (n = 822) reported symptoms of depression (the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire) and completed a measure of self-concept, the Twenty Statements Test (TST). We coded responses to the TST to reflect the valance (positive to negative) and the complexity of their self-concept (number of self-aspects). RESULTS Valence, but not complexity, of self-concept was significantly associated with severity of depression symptoms. The valance of young people's self-concept accounted for 25% of the variance in depression symptoms. Adolescent's with more positive self-concept tended to have fewer symptoms of depression. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design of this study precludes any conclusions about the causal relationship between depression and negative self-evaluation; experimental and longitudinal research is needed to assess the causal direction of the relationship. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study supported the cognitive model of depression. Negative self-evaluation may constitute a risk factor for depression in adolescents and could offer a potential target for prevention and early intervention in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hards
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Judi Ellis
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Fisk
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Reynolds
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom
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6
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Wolters LH, Prins PJM, Garst GJA, Hogendoorn SM, Boer F, Vervoort L, de Haan E. Mediating Mechanisms in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Childhood OCD: The Role of Dysfunctional Beliefs. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:173-185. [PMID: 30032391 PMCID: PMC6428795 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reframing cognitions is assumed to play an important role in treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, there hardly is any empirical support for this assumption, especially for children. The aim of this study was to examine if changing dysfunctional beliefs is a mediating mechanism of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for childhood OCD. Fifty-eight children (8-18 years) with OCD received CBT. Dysfunctional beliefs (OBQ-CV) and OCD severity (CY-BOCS) were measured pre-treatment, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and at 16-week follow-up. Results showed that OCD severity and dysfunctional beliefs decreased during CBT. Changes in severity predicted changes in beliefs within the same time interval. Our results did not support the hypothesis that changing dysfunctional beliefs mediates treatment effect. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings and shed more light on the role of explicit and implicit cognitions in treatment for childhood OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Wolters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P J M Prins
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J A Garst
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S M Hogendoorn
- Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Boer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Vervoort
- Department of developmental, personality and social psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E de Haan
- Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, De Bascule, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Thomas EC, Murakami-Brundage J, Bertolami N, Beck AT, Grant PM. Beck Self-Esteem Scale-Short Form: Development and psychometric evaluation of a scale for the assessment of self-concept in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 263:173-180. [PMID: 29573656 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A requisite step for testing cognitive theories regarding the role of self-concept in schizophrenia is the development of measures that follow a cognitive conceptualization and better capture the multifaceted nature of this construct. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties a new self-concept measure, the Beck Self-Esteem Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF), based on a sample of 204 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We evaluated the BSES-SF's dimensionality, internal consistency reliability, and construct and divergent validity using confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlations, independent samples t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance. Findings indicate that the 10-item BSES-SF is a reliable and valid measure of self-concept that is appropriate for a broad group of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Following cognitive theory, the scale demonstrated significant relationships with delusion severity, motivation, and depression, further signifying its utility for research and practice efforts that are designed to address psychopathology in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Thomas
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Nina Bertolami
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron T Beck
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Bennett B, Sharma M, Bennett R, Mawson AR, Buxbaum SG, Sung JH. Using Social Cognitive Theory to Predict Medication Compliance Behavior in Patients with Depression in Southern United States in 2016 in a Cross-Sectional Study. J Caring Sci 2018; 7:1-8. [PMID: 29637050 PMCID: PMC5889792 DOI: 10.15171/jcs.2018.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Depression is a major public health issue. One of the concerns in depression research and practice pertains to non-compliance to prescribed medications. The purpose of the study was to predict compliance with medication use for patients with depression using social cognitive theory (SCT). Based on this study it was envisaged that recommendations for interventions to enhance compliance for medication use could be developed for patients with depression. Methods: The study was conducted using cross sectional design (n=148) in southern United States with a convenience sample of clinic-based depression patients with a 37-item valid and reliable questionnaire. Sample size was calculated to be 148 using G*Power (five predictors with a 0.80 power at the 0.05 alpha level and an estimated effect size of 0.10 with an inflation by 10% for missing data). Social cognitive theory constructs of expectations, self-efficacy and self-efficacy in overcoming barriers, self-control, and environment were reified. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Self-control for taking medication for depression (P=0.04), expectations for taking medication for depression (P=0.025), age (P<0.0001) and race (P=0.04) were significantly related to intent for taking medication for depression (Adjusted R2 = 0.183). In race, Blacks had lower intent to take medication for depression. Conclusion: Social cognitive theory is weakly predictive with low explained variance for taking medication for depression. It needs to be bolstered by newer theories like integrative model or multi-theory model of health behavior change for designing educational interventions aimed at enhancing compliance to medication for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney Bennett
- Epidemiologist, STD/HIV Office, Mississippi State Department of Health, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Department of Behavioral & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Russell Bennett
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Anthony R Mawson
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Sarah G Buxbaum
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jung Hye Sung
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
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Tibi L, van Oppen P, van Balkom AJLM, Eikelenboom M, Hendriks GJ, Anholt GE. The relationship between cognitions and symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:495-502. [PMID: 28865371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cognitive theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ascertains that catastrophic (mis)interpretations of normally occurring intrusive thoughts are related to the maintenance of OCD. Nonetheless, findings supporting the relationship between cognitive biases and OCD symptoms are largely inconsistent. In the present study we examined the relationship between OCD cognitions and symptoms among 382 OCD patients participating in the longitudinal Netherlands Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Association (NOCDA) study. METHODS OCD cognitions and OC, anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-report questionnaires at baseline and at two-year follow-up. Baseline multiple regression analyses assessed the specificity of OC cognitions to OCD symptoms. Cross-lagged analyses examined whether cognitions predict OCD symptoms at two-year follow up. RESULTS Baseline analyses demonstrated significant relationships between comorbid anxiety, depressive severity and OC cognitions, adjusted for OCD symptoms (β = .283, p < .001 and β = .246, p < .001, respectively). OCD severity adjusted for comorbid symptoms was unrelated to cognitions at baseline (β = .040, p = n.s). Unique associations were found between cognitions and two OCD symptom subtypes (Impulses: β = .215, p < .001; Rumination/doubting: β = .205, p < .001). Longitudinal analyses yielded non-significant associations between OCD cognitions and symptom severity. Prospective analyses of cognitions and OCD symptom subtypes yielded significant effects for both bidirectional and unidirectional associations (β = .11-.16, p < .05). LIMITATIONS Given the naturalistic design of the study, we did not assess therapeutic interventions between baseline and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Results only partially concord with the predictions of the cognitive theory of OCD. Future studies should focus on mechanisms alternative to cognitions when investigating the course of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Tibi
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Patricia van Oppen
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J L M van Balkom
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn Eikelenboom
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, GGZ InGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Hendriks
- Institute of Integrated Mental Health Care "Pro Persona", Centre for Anxiety Disorders "Overwaal", Lent, The Netherlands; University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon E Anholt
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Weeland MM, Nijhof KS, Otten R, Vermaes IPR, Buitelaar JK. Beck's cognitive theory and the response style theory of depression in adolescents with and without mild to borderline intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil 2017; 69:39-48. [PMID: 28806582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study tests the validity of Beck's cognitive theory and Nolen-Hoeksema's response style theory of depression in adolescents with and without MBID. METHODS The relationship between negative cognitive errors (Beck), response styles (Nolen-Hoeksema) and depressive symptoms was examined in 135 adolescents using linear regression. RESULTS The cognitive error 'underestimation of the ability to cope' was more prevalent among adolescents with MBID than among adolescents with average intelligence. This was the only negative cognitive error that predicted depressive symptoms. There were no differences between groups in the prevalence of the three response styles. In line with the theory, ruminating was positively and problem-solving was negatively related to depressive symptoms. Distractive response styles were not related to depressive symptoms. The relationship between response styles, cognitive errors and depressive symptoms were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION The main premises of both theories of depression are equally applicable to adolescents with and without MBID. The cognitive error 'Underestimation of the ability to cope' poses a specific risk factor for developing a depression for adolescents with MBID and requires special attention in treatment and prevention of depression. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS?: Despite the high prevalence of depression among adolescents with MBID, little is known about the etiology and cognitive processes that play a role in the development of depression in this group. The current paper fills this gap in research by examining the core tenets of two important theories on the etiology of depression (Beck's cognitive theory and Nolen-Hoeksema's response style theory) in a clinical sample of adolescents with and without MBID. This paper demonstrated that the theories are equally applicable to adolescents with MBID, as to adolescents with average intellectual ability. However, the cognitive bias 'underestimation of the ability to cope' was the only cognitive error related to depressive symptoms, and was much more prevalent among adolescents with MBID than among adolescents with average intellectual ability. This suggests that underestimating one's coping skills may be a unique risk factor for depression among adolescents with MBID. This knowledge is important in understanding the causes and perpetuating mechanisms of depression in adolescents with MBID, and for the development of prevention- and treatment programs for adolescents with MBID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine M Weeland
- Academic Workplace Inside-Out, Behaviour Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pluryn Research & Development, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ede, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin S Nijhof
- Academic Workplace Inside-Out, Behaviour Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pluryn Research & Development, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Otten
- Academic Workplace Inside-Out, Behaviour Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pluryn Research & Development, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The REACH Institute, Psychology Department, Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA
| | - Ignace P R Vermaes
- Academic Workplace Inside-Out, Behaviour Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pluryn Research & Development, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Thomas EC, Luther L, Zullo L, Beck AT, Grant PM. From neurocognition to community participation in serious mental illness: the intermediary role of dysfunctional attitudes and motivation. Psychol Med 2017; 47:822-836. [PMID: 27884217 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for a relationship between neurocognition and functional outcome in important areas of community living is robust in serious mental illness research. Dysfunctional attitudes (defeatist performance beliefs and asocial beliefs) have been identified as intervening variables in this causal chain. This study seeks to expand upon previous research by longitudinally testing the link between neurocognition and community participation (i.e. time in community-based activity) through dysfunctional attitudes and motivation. METHOD Adult outpatients with serious mental illness (N = 175) participated, completing follow-up assessments approximately 6 months after initial assessment. Path analysis tested relationships between baseline neurocognition, emotion perception, functional skills, dysfunctional attitudes, motivation, and outcome (i.e. community participation) at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Path models demonstrated two pathways to community participation. The first linked neurocognition and community participation through functional skills, defeatist performance beliefs, and motivation. A second pathway linked asocial beliefs and community participation, via a direct path passing through motivation. Model fit was excellent for models predicting overall community participation at baseline and, importantly, at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The existence of multiple pathways to community participation in a longitudinal model supports the utility of multi-modal interventions for serious mental illness (i.e. treatment packages that build upon individuals' strengths while addressing the array of obstacles to recovery) that feature dysfunctional attitudes and motivation as treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Thomas
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences,College of Public Health,Temple University,Philadelphia,PA,USA
| | - L Luther
- Department of Psychology,School of Science,Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis,Indianapolis,IN,USA
| | - L Zullo
- Department of Psychology,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center,Dallas,TX,USA
| | - A T Beck
- Department of Psychiatry,Perelman School of Medicine,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA
| | - P M Grant
- Department of Psychiatry,Perelman School of Medicine,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA
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Skorka-Brown J, Andrade J, Whalley B, May J. Playing Tetris decreases drug and other cravings in real world settings. Addict Behav 2015; 51:165-70. [PMID: 26275843 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most research on cognitive processes in craving has been carried out in the laboratory and focuses on food craving. This study extends laboratory findings to real world settings and cravings for drugs or activities as well as food. Previous laboratory research has found that playing Tetris reduces craving strength. The present study used an ecological momentary assessment protocol in which 31 undergraduate participants carried iPods for a week and were prompted 7 times each day, by SMS message, to use their iPod to report craving. Participants reported craving target and strength (0-100), whether they indulged their previous craving (yes/no), and whether they were under the influence of alcohol (yes/no). Those randomly assigned to the intervention condition (n=15) then played Tetris for 3min and reported their craving again. Those in the monitoring-only control condition (n=16) provided baseline craving data to test if Tetris reduced the incidence and strength of spontaneous cravings across the week. Playing Tetris decreased craving strength for drugs (alcohol, nicotine, caffeine), food and drink, and activities (sex, exercise, gaming), with a mean reduction of 13.9 percentage points, effect size f(2)=0.11. This effect was consistent across the week. This is the first demonstration that visual cognitive interference can be used in the field to reduce cravings for substances and activities other than eating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackie Andrade
- School of Psychology, Cognition Institute, Plymouth University, UK; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Ben Whalley
- School of Psychology, Cognition Institute, Plymouth University, UK
| | - Jon May
- School of Psychology, Cognition Institute, Plymouth University, UK; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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Oei TPS, McAlinden NM, Cruwys T. Exploring mechanisms of change: the relationships between cognitions, symptoms, and quality of life over the course of group cognitive-behaviour therapy. J Affect Disord 2014; 168:72-7. [PMID: 25038294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explain how quality of life changes during psychotherapy, using a cognitive-behavioural theoretical framework, and examined whether changes in symptoms or changes in cognitions were more influential with regard to quality of life change. Three different hypotheses were tested that might explain the mechanisms by which quality of life changes during group cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression. METHODS 127 outpatients with anxiety and/or depression enrolled in a four-week group CBT programme participated. Measures of anxiety and depression symptoms, cognitive change, and quality of life were administered at baseline and post-treatment. Baseline to post-treatment change scores were calculated and entered into multiple regression analyses. RESULTS Reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms were related to increases in quality of life, whereas cognitive changes were not consistently related to changes in quality of life. LIMITATIONS The main limitation was that the study׳s design was not able to assess whether changes in cognitions or symptoms preceded changes in quality of life, as all variables were measured at the same two points in time. CONCLUSIONS These results provided evidence that quality of life changes as a result of or, simultaneously with, symptom change. It appears that group CBT does not improve quality of life through strategies designed to change patients׳ cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Po S Oei
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; CBT Unit, Toowong Private Hospital, PO Box 882, Toowong, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Niamh M McAlinden
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tegan Cruwys
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Doron G, Szepsenwol O, Karp E, Gal N. Obsessing about intimate-relationships: testing the double relationship-vulnerability hypothesis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2013; 44:433-40. [PMID: 23792752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obsessive preoccupation and doubts centering on one's intimate relationship may have a negative impact on the romantic dyad and lead to significant distress. In this research we investigated whether the co-occurrence of attachment anxiety and overreliance on intimate relationships for self-worth-what we call double relationship-vulnerability-is linked with relationship-centered obsessions and obsessive-compulsive tendencies. METHODS Study 1 employed a correlational design to examine the link between double relationship-vulnerability and relationship-centered obsessions. Study 2 employed an experimental design to assess response to subtle threats to the relationship self-domain among individuals with double relationship-vulnerability. RESULTS Study 1 supported the link between double relationship-vulnerability and relationship-centered obsessions. Study 2 showed that when confronted with subtle threats to the relationship self-domain, individuals with double relationship-vulnerability are more likely to experience distress and engage in mitigating behavior in response to relationship doubts and fears. LIMITATIONS Our studies were conducted with non-clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that double relationship-vulnerability may make individuals more susceptible to the development and maintenance of relationship-centered obsessions and compulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Doron
- School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, P.O. Box 167, Herzliya, 46150, Israel.
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