Gum-based Nanoparticles Targeting for Colon Rectal Cancer: Latest Research and Patents

Colorectal disease is the third most prevelant cancer in both men and women, with an expected 106,180 new cases of colon cancer and 44,850 new cases of rectal cancer as per American Cancer Society. Targeted medicine delivery is vital in the treatment of colon disorders because it delivers long-term therapeutic results with little side effects. Natural polymer is biocompatible and biodegradable, which enables safety, improves storage, and physiological stability, it is utilized as drug delivery vehicles and has made great strides in recent years. Chitosan, alginate, pectin, guar gum, dextran, hyaluronic acid, and arabinoxylan are examples of natural polysaccharides that are utilized to create nanoparticles. Natural gums serve two purposes: first, they shield the medicine from stomach and intestinal conditions, allowing it to only be released in the colon. In this review, we introduce the different gum particularly used in nanoparticles formulation, and then discuss recent research and the latest patent in the development of gum-based nanoparticles for the treatment of colon rectal cancer.

New drugs for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most frequent malignancies in terms of incidence and mortality, thus representing the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In the last decade, few drugs have enriched the treatment landscape of metastatic CRC and have significantly affected prognosis. Unlike other neoplasms, metastatic CRC patients who have exhausted treatment options often still maintain a good performance status. There are many challenges to increasing potential treatment options, notably a better understanding of disease biology and the mechanisms of resistance underlying cancer treatment failure. The development of new drugs for metastatic CRC certainly represents one of the most important challenges in medical oncology. This article discusses the main limitations in the development of new drugs and potential future scenarios. In particular, we addressed three questions: (1) The main limitations of targeted therapy in the treatment of metastatic CRC (mCRC); (2) New target armamentarium that could escape primary and secondary resistance and lead to more personalized mCRC therapy; and (3) Future directions.

Adherence to the three Italian screening in a sample of women (and men) in the Southern Italy

INTRODUCTION

Although scientific evidence shows the numerous benefits of screening programs, in Italy. There is a great disparity between the regional coverage of the North and South despite the screening programs have been activated for several years in all regions even with territorial differences.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of our study was to evaluate the knowledge and adherence to different screenings in the population, the influence exercised by the local health authority the role of the general practitioner in advising and referring patients to screening tests and the main causes of refuse.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was carried out, from December 2019 to May 2020, through the administration of anonymous self-filled "ad hoc" questionnaires to women and men over 26 years old.

RESULTS

in our sample 36% have never performed a breast check and 39% of the interviewees never had a mammogram; for cervical cancer 25% did not ever perform screening and 65% did not have an indication by GP. The worst result was found for colorectal cancer (only 27% of the sample performed the screening). The role of GP was fundamental for and similar to other studies, was fundamental in fact,similar to other studies the most frequent reported reasons for the non-execution of screening were the lack of physicians' advice, follwed by lack of time, the most frequent reported reasons for the non-execution of screening were the lack of physicians' advice, a lack of time, fear of cancer and embarrassment at visiting a gynaecologist.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

the study carried out found that despite the knowledge of the oncological disease and the possibilities of prevention is fairly rooted in the population, adherence to the screening is quite inadequate, especially as regards colorectal cancer.

Regorafenib suppresses epidermal growth factor receptor signaling-modulated progression of colorectal cancer

Active epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) signaling mediates the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) through activation of downstream kinases and transcription factors. The increased expression of EGFR was associated with worse prognosis in patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). Regorafenib, the oral kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of mCRC, has been shown to reduce activation of downstream kinases of EGFR signal pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma and osteosarcoma. However, whether EGFR inactivation was participates in regorafenib-inhibited progression of CRC still remaining ambiguous. The major purpose of present study was to verify effect of regorafenib on EGFR signaling-mediated progression of CRC. Here, we investigated the effect of regorafenib or erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) on tumor cell growth, invasion ability, apoptotic, and EGFR signal transduction in CRC in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated regorafenib reduced EGF-induced EGFR and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activity. Both regorafenib and erlotinib significantly reduced cell invasion ability, activation of protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ), protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and NF-κB. Regorafenib can trigger the inhibition of tumor cell growth and the induction of apoptosis through extrinsic/intrinsic apoptosis pathways. In addition, the expression of NF-κB-mediated proteins involved in tumor progression was also suppressed by regorafenib treatment. Taken together, regorafenib acts as a inhibitor of EGFR signaling that attenuated the activation of EGFR and EGFR related downstream signaling cascades in CRC. Our results suggested that the suppression of EGFR signaling was associated with regorafenib-inhibited progression of CRC.

Analysis of Treatment Option for Synchronous Liver Metastases and Colon Rectal Cancer

Colorectal or bowel cancer is one of the major causes of cancer worldwide. Research has shown that 15 to 20% colorectal cancer patients are also diagnosed with synchronous liver metastases (LM) at presentation and about one third eventually develop liver lesions. Management of cases with colorectal cancer comorbid with liver metastases is more complex. This highlights the need for suggesting the need for effective treatment while optimizing timing during surgical and medical treatment of primary plus metastatic disease. Such patients cases are likely to present with severe cancer biology and thereby less likely to be long-term survivors.