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Lin HG, Liu M, Huang XY, Liu DS. Intra-thyroid esophageal duplication cyst: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:2231-2236. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i13.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cysts are relatively rare in clinical practice, with most of the literature comprising case reports. Esophageal cysts protruding into the thyroid gland are easily misdiagnosed as thyroid tumors. No such cases have been reported so far.
CASE SUMMARY This article reports the case of a 31-year-old adult male diagnosed with thyroid nodules before admission. The patient underwent left thyroidectomy and isthmusectomy. During the surgery, esophageal cysts were identified in the esophageal muscle and thyroid glands. The pathology results confirmed a nodular goiter combined with esophageal cysts. Postoperatively, the patient developed a neck infection and underwent another operation and broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for recovery.
CONCLUSION We report the first clinical case of an esophageal cyst located within the thyroid gland that was successfully treated surgically. Esophageal cyst located within the thyroid gland cause difficulties in diagnosis. In the present study, the contents of the esophageal cysts were calcified foci, and a small amount of fluid mixture, which were easily misdiagnosed as thyroid nodules and misled the surgical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Guo Lin
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue-Yang Huang
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Da-Sheng Liu
- Department of Vascular Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
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Marinda E, Simbayi L, Zuma K, Zungu N, Moyo S, Kondlo L, Jooste S, Nadol P, Igumbor E, Dietrich C, Briggs-Hagen M. Towards achieving the 90-90-90 HIV targets: results from the south African 2017 national HIV survey. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1375. [PMID: 32907565 PMCID: PMC7487872 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measuring progress towards the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90–90–90 treatment targets is key to assessing progress towards turning the HIV epidemic tide. In 2017, the UNAIDS model estimated that 75% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) globally knew their HIV positive status, 79% of those who knew their status were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 81% of those who knew their HIV status and were on ART had a suppressed viral load. The fifth South African national HIV sero-behavioural survey collected nationally representative data that enabled the empirical estimation of these 90–90–90 targets for the country stratified by a variety of key factors. Methods To evaluate progress towards achievement of the 90–90–90 targets for South Africa, data obtained from a national, representative, cross-sectional population-based multi-stage stratified cluster random survey conducted in 2017 were analysed. The Fifth South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey (SABSSM V), collected behavioural and biomarker data from individuals residing in households from 1000 randomly selected Small Area Layers (SALs), across all nine provinces of the country. Structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic data, knowledge and perceptions about HIV, and related risk behaviours. Blood samples were collected to test for HIV infection, antiretroviral use, and viral suppression (defined as < 1000 copies/ml). Weighted proportions of study participants aged 15 years and older who tested HIV positive were computed for those who reported awareness of their status (1st 90), and among these, those who were currently on ART (2nd 90) and of these, those who were virally suppressed (3rd 90). Results Among persons 15 years and older who were HIV positive, 84.8% were aware of their HIV positive status, of whom 70.7% were currently on ART, with 87.4% of these estimated to have suppressed viral load at the time of the survey. These estimates varied by sex, age, and geo-location type. Relatively higher percentages across all three indicators for women compared to men were observed: 88.7% versus 78.2% for those aware of their status, 72.3% versus 67.7% for on ART, and 89.8% versus 82.3% for viral suppression. Knowing one’s positive HIV status increased with age: 74.0, 85.8, and 88.1% for age groups 15–24 years old, 25–49 years old and 50–64 years old, although for those 65 years and older, 78.7% knew their HIV positive status. A similar pattern was observed for the 2nd 90, among those who knew their HIV positive status, 51.7% of 15 to 24 year olds, 70.5% of those aged 25–49 years old, 82.9% of those aged 50–64 years old and 82.4% of those aged 65 years or older were currently on ART. Viral suppression for the above mentioned aged groups, among those who were on ART was 85.2, 87.2, 89.5, and 84.6% respectively. The 90–90–90 indicators for urban areas were 87.7, 66.5, and 87.2%, for rural settings was 85.8, 79.8, and 88.4%, while in commercial farming communities it was 56.2, 67.6 and 81.4%. Conclusions South Africa appears to be on track to achieve the first 90 indicator by 2020. However, it is behind on the second 90 indicator with ART coverage that was ~ 20-percentage points below the target among people who knew their HIV status, this indicates deficiencies around linkage to and retention on ART. Overall viral suppression among those on ART is approaching the target at 87.4%, but this must be interpreted in the context of low reported ART coverage as well as with variation by age and sex. Targeted diagnosis, awareness, and treatment programs for men, young people aged 15–24 years old, people who reside in farming communities, and in specific provinces are needed. More nuanced 90–90–90 estimates within provinces, specifically looking at more granular sub-national level (e.g. districts), are needed to identify gaps in specific regions and to inform provincial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmore Marinda
- Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa. .,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Leickness Simbayi
- Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Khangelani Zuma
- Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Sizulu Moyo
- Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lwando Kondlo
- Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sean Jooste
- Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patrick Nadol
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Pretoria, GA, South Africa
| | - Ehimario Igumbor
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Pretoria, GA, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Dietrich
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Pretoria, GA, South Africa
| | - Melissa Briggs-Hagen
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Pretoria, GA, South Africa
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