1
|
Scarlett AG, Spilsbury FD, Rowland SJ, Gagnon MM, Grice K. Do distributions of diamondoid hydrocarbons accumulated in oil-contaminated fish tissues help to identify the sources of oil? Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115836. [PMID: 38007871 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the sources of environmental oil contamination can be challenging, especially for oil in motile organisms such as fish. Lipophilic hydrocarbons from oil can bioaccumulate in fish adipose tissue and potentially provide a forensic "fingerprint" of the original oil. Herein, diamondoid hydrocarbon distributions were employed to provide such fingerprints. Indices produced from diamondoids were used to compare extracts from fish adipose tissues and the crude and fuel oils to which the fish were exposed under laboratory conditions. A suite of 20 diamondoids was found to have bioaccumulated in the dietary-exposed fish. Cross-plots of indices between fish and exposure oils were close to the ideal 1:1 relationship. Comparisons with diamondoid distributions of non-exposure oils produced overall, but not exclusively, weaker correlations. Linear Discriminatory Analysis on a combined set of 15 diamondoid and bicyclane molecular ratios was able to identify the exposure oils, so a use of both compound classes is preferable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Scarlett
- Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Australia Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Francis D Spilsbury
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Australia Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Steven J Rowland
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Marthe Monique Gagnon
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Australia Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Kliti Grice
- Western Australian Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre, The Institute for Geoscience Research, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Australia Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yan H, Narasimha KT, Denlinger J, Li FH, Mo SK, Hohman JN, Dahl JEP, Carlson RMK, Tkachenko BA, Fokin AA, Schreiner PR, Hussain Z, Shen ZX, Melosh NA. Monochromatic Photocathodes from Graphene-Stabilized Diamondoids. Nano Lett 2018; 18:1099-1103. [PMID: 29286670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The monochromatic photoemission from diamondoid monolayers provides a new strategy to create electron sources with low energy dispersion and enables compact electron guns with high brightness and low beam emittance for aberration-free imaging, lithography, and accelerators. However, these potential applications are hindered by degradation of diamondoid monolayers under photon irradiation and electron bombardment. Here, we report a graphene-protected diamondoid monolayer photocathode with 4-fold enhancement of stability compared to the bare diamondoid counterpart. The single-layer graphene overcoating preserves the monochromaticity of the photoelectrons, showing 12.5 meV ful width at half-maximum distribution of kinetic energy. Importantly, the graphene coating effectively suppresses desorption of the diamondoid monolayer, enhancing its thermal stability by at least 100 K. Furthermore, by comparing the decay rate at different photon energies, we identify electron bombardment as the principle decay pathway for diamondoids under graphene protection. This provides a generic approach for stabilizing volatile species on photocathode surfaces, which could greatly improve performance of electron emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Karthik T Narasimha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan Denlinger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Fei Hua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sung-Kwan Mo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - J Nathan Hohman
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeremy E P Dahl
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Andrey A Fokin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University , Giessen, Germany
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhi-Xun Shen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nicholas A Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|