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Mao Z, Yu Y, Ba G, Zhao H, Shi Q, Cao Y, Xie W, Zhang J, Sun H, Chen F. Non-cytochrome P450 enzyme aldehyde oxidase is involved in the oxidative metabolic pathway of diquat and its detoxification effect. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2024; 199:105805. [PMID: 38458670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Diquat (DQ) poisoning has garnered attention in recent years, primarily due to the rising incidence of cases worldwide, coupled with the absence of a viable antidote for its treatment. Despite the fact that diquat monopyridone (DQ-M) has been identified as a significant metabolite of DQ, the enzyme responsible for its formation remains unknown. In this study, we have identified aldehyde oxidase (AOX) as a vital enzyme involved in DQ oxidative metabolism. The metabolism of DQ to DQ-M was significantly inhibited by AOX inhibitors including raloxifene and hydralazine. The source of oxygen incorporated into DQ-M was proved to be from water through a H218O incubation experiment which further corroborated DQ-M formation via AOX metabolism. The product of DQ-M in vitro generated by fresh rat tissues co-incubation was consistent with its AOX expression. The result of the molecular docking analysis of DQ and AOX protein showed that DQ is capable of binding to AOX. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of DQ was significantly higher than DQ-M at the same concentration tested in six cell types. This work is the first to uncover the involvement of aldehyde oxidase, a non-cytochrome P450 enzyme, in the oxidative metabolic pathway of diquat, thus providing a potential target for the development of detoxification treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Mao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Institute of poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
| | - Youjia Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Institute of poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Gen Ba
- Institute of poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Department of Emergency, Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huaian First People's Hospital, Huaian, PR China
| | - Qifang Shi
- Institute of poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Department of Emergency, Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Weiran Xie
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Institute of poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Institute of poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Department of Emergency, Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Institute of poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China; Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
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Mao Z, Yu Y, Sun H, Wu C, Jiang Q, Chu C, Zhao C, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Cao Y, Chen F. Simultaneous determination of diquat and its two primary metabolites in rat plasma by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to the toxicokinetic study. Forensic Toxicol 2022; 40:332-339. [PMID: 36454415 PMCID: PMC9715450 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to develop and validate an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to simultaneously determine diquat (DQ) and its two primary metabolites in rat plasma and its application to the toxicokinetic study. METHOD The chromatographic separation of DQ and its two primary metabolites was performed with hydrophilic interaction chromatography column by adding formic acid and ammonium acetate in mobile phase in stepwise elution mode. DQ and its two primary metabolites were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in positive mode. RESULTS The lower limit of quantification ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 ng/mL for DQ and its two primary metabolites was achieved by using only 50 μL of rat plasma. The maximum concentration (Cmax) was 977 ng/mL, half-life (t1/2) was 13.1 h, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) was 2770 h*ng/mL for DQ, Cmax was 47.1 ng/mL, t1/2 was 25.1 h, and AUC0-t was 180 h·ng/mL for diquat monopyridone (DQ-M) and Cmax was 246 ng/mL, t1/2 was 8.2 h, and AUC0-t was 2430 h·ng/mL for diquat dipyridone (DQ-D), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The validated method was shown to be suitable for simultaneous determination of diquat and its two primary metabolites in rat plasma. This study is the first to study the toxicokinetics of DQ and its two primary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Mao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.
| | - Youjia Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Emergency, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Emergency, Suqian Hospital of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group, The Affliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Qiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Chu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongwen Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.
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