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Bibi A, Dhanawat M, Aman S, Chauhan S, Chalotra R, Mujwar S, Kaur N, Maivagna C, Gupta S. Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract for its In vitro Antibacterial Properties, Mechanism of Action, and In vivo Corneal Ulcer Healing Effects in Rabbits' Eyes. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:CDD-EPUB-139805. [PMID: 38638050 DOI: 10.2174/0115672018275561240228065755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
M. oleifera is the most adapted tree species in different medicinal eco-systems and has resilience against climate changes. This multiple-use tree provides healthy foods, snacks, honey, and fuel. Besides this, it has immense promising applicationsby offering antimicrobial and antibacterial activities for targeted uses. This validates the court of Hippocrates that let food be the medicine and medicine be the food for which moringa qualifies. In view of this, the antioxidant and in vitro antibacterial potency of the hydro-ethanolic extract of M. oleifera was evaluated on clinically isolated multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, in vivo, the healing response of M. oleifera extract was analysed on corneal ulcers induced in rabbit eyes infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. TheM. oleifera extract exhibited exponential antioxidant activity. In-vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay showing zone of inhibition ranging from 11.05±0.36 to 20±0.40 mm at concentrations of 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/ml, whereas, in our finding, no zone of inhibition was observed below 20 mg/ml concentration, which indicated that there is threshold limit below which the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera extract is not observed. Furthermore, continuous application of 3% and 5% M. oleifera extract (eye drop) four times a day for 14 consecutive days showed a significant healing response of the eyes of rabbits with corneal ulcers. These results suggest that M. oleifera extract could be a viable alternative to existing antibacterial therapies for corneal ulcers. Additionally, there is a possibility of commercial formulation of M. oleifera extract in the form of deliverable pharmaceutical products; therefore, it should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Bibi
- M M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | | | - Shahbaz Aman
- Department of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Science and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Samrat Chauhan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Rishabh Chalotra
- M M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
- Department of pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, India
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Narinder Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Science and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - ChamasseHomary Maivagna
- Department of Pharmacology, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemedto be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemedto be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
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An JM, Hur SH, Kim H, Lee JH, Kim YK, Sim KS, Lee SE, Kim HJ. Determination of the geographical origin of chicken (breast and drumstick) using ICP-OES and ICP-MS: Chemometric analysis. Food Chem 2024; 437:137836. [PMID: 37924759 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a geographical origin discrimination analytical method for chicken breasts and drumsticks based on inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The sixty elements were set as variables, and the geographical origin discrimination analysis was conducted through chemometrics. In orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), twenty-three variable importance in projection (VIP) elements were selected in chicken breasts, and twenty-eight VIP elements were selected in drumsticks. The importance of the selected elements was displayed by the area under the curve (AUC) value of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Verification of OPLS-DA was performed through permutation test and good results were obtained. A heatmap was also used as a method for determining the geographical origin, and each top element discriminant classification was 100 % accurate, as determined through canonical discriminant analysis (CDA). This method shows potential as a food analysis tool and can accurately determine the geographic origin of chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min An
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Bioscience, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Suel Hye Hur
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoyoung Kim
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyoung Kim
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Sim
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Garg P, Pundir S, Ali A, Panja S, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Kulshrestha S, Negi P. Exploring the potential of Moringa oleifera Lam in skin disorders and cosmetics: nutritional analysis, phytochemistry, geographical distribution, ethnomedicinal uses, dermatological studies and cosmetic formulations. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2023:10.1007/s00210-023-02862-2. [PMID: 38055069 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Moringa oleifera Lam. is a pan-tropical plant well known to the ancient world for its extensive therapeutic benefits in the Ayurvedic and Unani medical systems. The ancient world was familiar with this tree, but it has only lately been rediscovered as a multifunctional species with a huge range of possible therapeutic applications. It is a folk remedy for skin diseases, edema, sore gums, etc. This review comprises the history, ethnomedicinal applications, botanical characteristics, geographic distribution, propagation, nutritional and phytochemical profile, dermatological effects, and commercially available cosmeceuticals of Moringa oleifera Lam.Compilation of all the presented data has been done by employing various search engines like Science Direct, Google, PubMed, Research Gate, EBSCO, SciVal, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar.Studies on phytochemistry claim the presence of a variety of substances, including fatty acids, phenolic acids, sterols, oxalates, tocopherols, carotenoids, flavonoids, flavonols glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, terpene, saponins, phylates, alkaloids, glucosinolates, glycosides, and isothiocyanate. The pharmacological studies have shown the efficacy of Moringa oleifera Lam. as an antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-atopic dermatitis, antipsoriatic, promoter of wound healing, effective in treating herpes simplex virus, photoprotective, and UV protective. As a moisturizer, conditioner, hair growth promoter, cleanser, antiwrinkle, anti-aging, anti-acne, scar removal, pigmentation, and control for skin infection, sores, as well as sweating, it has also been utilized in a range of cosmeceuticals.he Moringa oleifera Lam. due to its broad range of phytochemicals can be proven boon for the treatment of dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakrati Garg
- School of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
- Center for Omics and Biodiversity Research, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Swati Pundir
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Aaliya Ali
- School of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
- Center for Omics and Biodiversity Research, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Sebika Panja
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kulshrestha
- School of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
- Center for Omics and Biodiversity Research, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
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Omonhinmin CA, Olomukoro EE, Onuselogu CC, Popoola JO, Oyejide SO. Intra-specific genetic variability dataset on rbcL gene in Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in Nigeria. Data Brief 2023; 50:109399. [PMID: 37663777 PMCID: PMC10470403 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera is an underutilized perennial tree and is widely cultivated and studied due to its multi-purpose uses. Currently, not much information exists about the rbcL (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit) gene sequence in M. oleifera. The rbcL gene is a conserved chloroplast gene and hence can be used for phylogenetic studies of plants at higher and lower taxonomic levels. The data consists of twenty-two rbcL gene sequences, nucleotide, and amino acid compositions of M. oleifera collected from sixteen states across Nigeria. The data offers an understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of the species, which are crucial for both scientists and breeders working on the crop as well as for attempts to conserve the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Asotie Omonhinmin
- Department of Biological Sciences/Biotechnology Cluster, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Enameguono Ethel Olomukoro
- Department of Biological Sciences/Biotechnology Cluster, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu Charles Onuselogu
- Department of Biological Sciences/Biotechnology Cluster, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Jacob Olagbenro Popoola
- Department of Biological Sciences/Biotechnology Cluster, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Pure and Applied Biology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, PMB 284, 232101, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Oluwanifise Oyejide
- Department of Biological Sciences/Biotechnology Cluster, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
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Ravi RSD, Siril EA, Nair BR. The efficiency of Cytochrome P450 gene-based markers in accessing genetic variability of drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) accessions. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2929-2939. [PMID: 32236894 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05391-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is an important vegetable as well as forage crop of arid and semi-arid zones of the tropics. The leaves and pods of the plant are rich sources of minerals and vitamins. In the present work, genetic diversity study of 23 genotypes of M. oleifera collected from Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states of India was carried out using seven cytochrome P450 (CytP450) markers. By using seven pairs of CytP450 gene-based markers, 88.25% of polymorphism was recorded among the 23 sampled genotypes. The Polymorphic Information Content (PI), Marker Index (MI) and Resolving Power obtained for seven primers were estimated 0.23, 2.96 and 9.83, respectively. The Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on this marker data indicate that genotypes from different geographical regions are placed in the same clusters. The dendrogram and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) plots derived from the binary data matrices were highly concordant. The investigation, in brief, proved that CytP450 based marker system is efficient in the elucidation of genetic diversity in M. oleifera accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Drisya Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum, 695581, India
| | - E A Siril
- Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum, 695581, India.
| | - Bindu R Nair
- Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Trivandrum, 695581, India
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Siddiqui MW, Homa F, Nayyer MA, Ghatak A, Yousuf B, Aftab MA, Ali A. Browning metabolism and quality of fresh-cut drumstick ( Moringa oleifera) as influenced by acidulant treatments. J Food Sci Technol 2020; 57:2010-6. [PMID: 32431327 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Though fresh-cut products save our time, but they are very much prone to enzymatic browning that drastically affects product's quality and marketability. Drumstick pods are considered as super food due to high nutritional contents. However, the fresh-cut pods are prone to brown discoloration. The enzyme activities promote the softening and cut-surface browning of pods, thus deteriorates their texture, decreases consumer appeal and shortens the shelf life. So, we aimed to assess the effect of citric (1%) and ascorbic (1%) acid treatments on quality attributes of fresh-cut drumsticks at 3-d interval during storage (5 ± 1 °C). In general there was an increase in lignin and quinone contents, while phenolic content was decreased during storage. However, samples subjected to ascorbic acid dip had higher phenolic content, lower rate of lignin formation, and reduced membrane permeability. Enzyme activities (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) were found to increase during storage, however, samples treated with ascorbic acid showed lower activities than that of the control and citric acid treated samples. The reduced enzyme activities resulted in the reduced browning incidence and maintained the quality. Therefore, postharvest dip of fresh-cut drumstick in to ascorbic acid (1%) could be suggested to increase the shelf life with reduced browning during low temperature storage.
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Zhang J, Yang E, He Q, Lin M, Zhou W, Pian R, Chen X. Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family in drumstick ( Moringa oleifera Lam.). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7063. [PMID: 31218125 PMCID: PMC6563795 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY proteins belong to one of the largest families of transcription factors. They have important functions in plant growth and development, signal transduction and stress responses. However, little information is available regarding the WRKY family in drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.). In the present study, we identified 54 MoWRKY genes in this species using genomic data. On the basis of structural features of the proteins they encode, the MoWRKY genes were classified into three main groups, with the second group being further divided into five subgroups. Phylogenetic trees constructed from the sequences of WRKY domains and overall amino acid compositions derived from drumstick and Arabidopsis were similar; the results indicated that the WRKY domain was the main evolutionary unit of WRKY genes. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis showed that genes with similar structures and proteins with similar motif compositions were usually clustered in the same class. Selective pressure analysis indicated that although neutral evolution and positive selection have happened in several MoWRKY genes, most have evolved under strong purifying selection. Moreover, different subgroups had evolved at different rates. The levels of expression of MoWRKY genes in response to five different abiotic stresses (salt, heat, drought, H2O2, cold) were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), with the results indicating that these genes had different expression levels and that some may be involved in abiotic stress responses. Our results will provide a foundation for cloning genes with specific functions for use in further research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, China.,College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Endian Yang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian He
- Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, China.,College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengfei Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, China.,College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, China.,College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Pian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, China.,College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, China.,College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang J, Li S, Lin M, Yang E, Chen X. A near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic method for the direct analysis of several fodder-related chemical components in drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018. [PMID: 29517413 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1445519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The drumstick tree has traditionally been used as foodstuff and fodder in several countries. Due to its high nutritional value and good biomass production, interest in this plant has increased in recent years. It has therefore become important to rapidly and accurately evaluate drumstick quality. In this study, we addressed the optimization of Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyze crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, iron (Fe), and potassium (K) in a variety of drumstick accessions (N = 111) representing different populations, cultivation programs, and climates. Partial least-squares regression with internal cross-validation was used to evaluate the models and identify possible spectral outliers. The calibration statistics for these fodder-related chemical components suggest that NIRS can predict these parameters in a wide range of drumstick types with high accuracy. The NIRS calibration models developed in this study will be useful in predicting drumstick forage quality for these five quality parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology , Guangzhou , China.,d College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shuqi Li
- d College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mengfei Lin
- a State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology , Guangzhou , China.,d College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Endian Yang
- d College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- a State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology , Guangzhou , China.,d College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
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