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Zhang D, Tang X, Chen L, Qiu X, Song C, Wang H, Chang Y. Functional characterization and transcriptional activity analysis of Dryopteris fragrans farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1105240. [PMID: 37035090 PMCID: PMC10079908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), a key enzyme of the terpene metabolic pathway, catalyzes the precursor of sesquiterpene compounds farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthesis, and plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development. Dryopteris fragrans is a medicinal plant rich terpenoids. In this study, the function of the gene was verified in vitro and in vivo, the promoter of the gene was amplified and its transcriptional activity was analyzed. In the present study, we report the molecular cloning and functional characterization of DfFPS1 and DfFPS2, two FPS genes from D. fragrans. We found that the two genes were evolutionarily conserved. Both DfFPS genes were highly expressed in the gametophyte and mature sporophyte leaves, and their expression levels increased in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and high temperature. Both DfFPS proteins were localized in the cytoplasm and could catalyze FPP synthesis in vitro. We also found that the overexpression of DfFPS genes in tobacco plants promoted secondary metabolite accumulation but exhibited negligible effect on plant growth and development. However, the transgenic plants exhibited tolerance to high temperature and drought. The promoters of the two genes were amplified using fusion primer and nested integrated polymerase chain reaction (FPNI-PCR). The promoter sequences were truncated and their activity was examined using the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene reporter system in tobacco leaves, and we found that both genes were expressed in the stomata. The transcriptional activity of the promoters was found to be similar to the expression pattern of the genes, and the transcriptional core regions of the two genes were mainly between -943 bp and -740 bp of proDfFPS1. Therefore, we present a preliminary study on the function and transcriptional activity of the FPS genes of D. fragrans and provide a basis for the regulation of terpene metabolism in D. fragrans. The results also provide a novel basis for the elucidation of terpene metabolic pathways in ferns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xun Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science & Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunhua Song
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hemeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Peng B, Han XY, Wang H, Zhang WJ, Zeng ZP. Two new cadinane-type sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Dryopteris fragrans with anti-inflammatory activities. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2022; 24:1064-1070. [PMID: 35038940 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2028776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two new cadinane-type sesquiterpenoid glycosides, dryopteristerpeneA (1) and dryopteristerpeneB (2), were isolated from the aqueous extract of Dryopterisfragrans. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited inhibition on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide induced RAW 264.7 macrophages with their IC50 values of 60.5 and 59.8 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Peng
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375), Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xu-Yang Han
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375), Beijing 100010, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375), Beijing 100010, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375), Beijing 100010, China
| | - Zu-Ping Zeng
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375), Beijing 100010, China
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Zheng SQ, Song GQ, Yin CP, Chen YF, Wang SS, Shen ZB. [A new phloroglucinol from Dryopteris fragrans and its antibacterial activity in vitro]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2022; 47:2474-2479. [PMID: 35531695 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220124.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new phloroglucinol was isolated from 50% ethanol extract of Dryopteris fragrans by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography(TLC), and preparative liquid column chromatography. On the basis of MS, ~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR, and reference materials, compound 1 was identified as 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one, 2-{[2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-3-methyl-5-(1-isobutyl)phenyl]methyl}-3,5-dihydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-6-(1-oxobutyl)(1), and named disaspidin BB. Compound 1 was evaluated for its antibacterial activity. The experimental results showed that compared with the commonly used topical antibiotics erythromycin or mupirocin, disaspidin BB exhibited significant antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis(SEP), S. haemolyticus(SHA), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus(MRSA)(P<0.05). Additionally, disaspidin BB was sensitive to ceftazidime-resistant SEP1-SEP4, SHA5-SHA7, MRSA8, and MRSA9. The MIC values of disaspidin BB against SEP and SHA were 1.67-2.71 μg·mL~(-1) and 10.00-33.33 μg·mL~(-1) respectively. Disaspidin BB has good antibacterial activities and deserves development as a new anti-infective drug for external use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qian Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Chuan-Ping Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yan-Fen Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Wang
- Guangzhou Hipower Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd. Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 511400, China Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Localized Precision Drug Delivery Preparation Guangzhou 510006, China Cosmetics Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zhu CC, Peng B, Zeng ZP, Han XY, Wang H, Wang TY. [A new phloroglucinol compound from Dryopteris fragrans]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2021; 46:388-390. [PMID: 33645126 DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20201120.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two phloroglucinol compounds(1-2) were isolated and purified from 95% ethanol extract of Dryopteris fragrans through various column chromatographies on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, medium pressure column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated as 2',4',6'-trihydroxy-5'-methyl acetate-3'-methyl-1'-butyrophenone(1) and aspidinol B(2) based on their chemical and physicochemical methods and spectroscopic data. Compound 1 is a new phloroglucinol compound named "dryofraginol".
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Chong Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing 100010, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375) Beijing 100010, China
| | - Bing Peng
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing 100010, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375) Beijing 100010, China
| | - Zu-Ping Zeng
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing 100010, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375) Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xu-Yang Han
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing 100010, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375) Beijing 100010, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing 100010, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375) Beijing 100010, China
| | - Tian-Yuan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing 100010, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis (BZ0375) Beijing 100010, China
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Chen L, Zhang D, Song C, Wang H, Tang X, Chang Y. Transcriptomic Analysis and Specific Expression of Transcription Factor Genes in the Root and Sporophyll of Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7296. [PMID: 33023244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dryopteris fragrans, which is densely covered with glandular trichomes, is considered to be one of the ferns with the most medicinal potential. The transcriptomes from selected tissues of D. fragrans were collected and analyzed for functional and comparative genomic studies. The aim of this study was to determine the transcriptomic characteristics of wild D. fragrans sporangium in tissues from the SR (root), SL (sporophyll), and TRL (sporophyll with glandular trichomes removed). Results: Cluster analysis identified genes that were highly expressed in an organ-specific manner according to read mapping, feature counting, and normalization. The functional map identified gene clusters that can uniquely describe the function of each tissue. We identified a group of three tissue-specific transcription factors targeting the SL, SR, and TRL. In addition, highly expressed transcription factors (TFs) were found in each tissue-specific gene cluster, where ERF and bHLH transcription factors were the two types showing the most distinct expression patterns between the three different tissues. The specific expression of transcription factor genes varied between the different types of tissues. The numbers of transcription factors specifically expressed in the roots and sporophylls were 60 and 30, respectively, while only seven were found for the sporophylls with glandular trichomes removed. The expression of genes known to be associated with the development of glandular trichomes in flowering plants, including MIXTA, ATML1, and MYB106, were also validated and are discussed. In particular, a unigene encoding MIXTA was identified and exhibited the highest expression level in SL in D. fragrans. Conclusions: This study is the first report of global transcriptomic analysis in different tissues of D. fragrans, and the first to discuss these findings in the context of the development of homologous glandular trichomes. These results set the stage for further research on the development, stress resistance, and secondary metabolism of D. fragrans glandular trichomes.
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Zhang T, Wang L, Duan DH, Zhang YH, Huang SX, Chang Y. Cytotoxicity-Guided Isolation of Two New Phenolic Derivatives from Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071652. [PMID: 29986397 PMCID: PMC6100289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dryopteris fragrans is a valuable medicinal plant resource with extensive biological activities including anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation activities. This work aims to study further the cytotoxic constituents from Dryopteris fragrans. In this work, two new phenolic derivatives known as dryofragone (1) and dryofracoumarin B (2) with six known compounds (3–8) were isolated from the petroleum ether fraction of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott by two round cytotoxicity-guided tracking with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Their structures were elucidated by the extensive spectroscopic analysis (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and two dimensions NMR), chemical derivatization, and comparison with data reported in the literature. All the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against nine cancer cell lines as well as their in vitro immunomodulatory activity. The results showed that compounds have a modest cytotoxicity toward human HeLa cell line with IC50 value below 30 μM and compounds 4 and 5 may modulate immunity to affect the growth of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - De-Hua Duan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yi-Hao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Lu Z, Huang Q, Zhang T, Hu B, Chang Y. Global transcriptome analysis and characterization of Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott sporangium in different developmental stages. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:471. [PMID: 29914367 PMCID: PMC6006573 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dryopteris fragrans (D. fragrans) is a potential medicinal fern distributed in volcanic magmatic rock areas under tough environmental condition. Sporangia are important organs for fern reproduction. This study was designed to characterize the transcriptome characteristics of the wild D. fragrans sporangia in three stages (stage A, B, and C) with the aim of uncovering its molecular mechanism of growth and development. RESULTS Using a HiSeq 4000, 79.81 Gb clean data (each sample is at least 7.95 GB) were obtained from nine samples, with three being supplied from each period, and assembled into 94,705 Unigenes, among which 44,006 Unigenes were annotated against public protein databases (NR, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, COG, KOG, GO, eggNOG and Pfam). Furthermore, we observed 7126 differentially expressed genes (DEG) (Fold Change > 4, FDR < 0.001), 349,885 SNP loci, and 10,584 SSRs. DEGs involved in DNA replication and homologous recombination were strongly expressed in stage A, and several DEGs involved in cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis had undergone dramatic changes during development, which was consistent with morphological observations. DEGs responsible for secondary metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction changed clearly in the last two stages. DEGs homologous to those known genes associated with the development of reproductive organs of flowering plants have also been validated and discussed, such as AGL61, AGL62, ONAC010. In particular, a Unigene encoding TFL1, an important flower-development regulator in flowering plants, was identified and exhibited the highest expression level in stage B in D. fragrans sporangia. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first report on global transcriptome analysis in the development of sporangia of wild D. fragrans. DEGs related to development and homologous to flower-seed development in flowering plants were discussed. All DEGs involved in DNA replication and homologous recombination were consistent with morphological observations of paraffin slices. The results of this study provide rare resources for further investigation of the D. fragrans sporangium development, stress resistance and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu
- Laboratory of Plant Research, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qingyang Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Research, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Research, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | | | - Ying Chang
- Laboratory of Plant Research, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Peng B, Bai RF, Li P, Han XY, Wang H, Zhu CC, Zeng ZP, Chai XY. Two new glycosides from Dryopteris fragrans with anti-inflammatory activities. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2015; 18:59-64. [PMID: 26700189 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1121853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation on the aqueous extract from Dryopteris fragrans led to the isolation of one new chromone glycoside, frachromone C (1), and one new coumarin glycoside, dryofracoulin A (2), together with one known undulatoside A (3). Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS, and chemical analysis. Compounds 1-3 exhibited inhibition on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide induced RAW 264.7 macrophages with their IC50 values of 45.8, 65.8, and 49.8 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Peng
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100010 , China
| | - Rui-Feng Bai
- b Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Ping Li
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100010 , China
| | - Xu-Yang Han
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100010 , China
| | - Hong Wang
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100010 , China
| | - Chong-Chong Zhu
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100010 , China
| | - Zu-Ping Zeng
- a Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100010 , China
| | - Xing-Yun Chai
- b Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100029 , China
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Jiao J, Gai QY, Wang W, Luo M, Zhao CJ, Fu YJ, Ma W. Ionic-liquid-assisted microwave distillation coupled with headspace single-drop microextraction followed by GC-MS for the rapid analysis of essential oil in Dryopteris fragrans. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3799-806. [PMID: 24174124 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, green and effective miniaturized sample preparation technique, ionic-liquid-assisted microwave distillation coupled with headspace single-drop microextraction was developed for the extraction of essential oil from dried Dryopteris fragrans. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate was the optimal ionic liquid as the destruction agent of plant cell walls and microwave absorption was medium. n-Heptadecane (2.0 μL) was adopted as the suspended microdrop solvent in the headspace for the extraction and concentration of essential oil. The optimal parameters of the proposed method were an irradiation power of 300 W, sample mass of 0.9 g, mass ratio of ionic liquids to sample of 2.8, extraction temperature of 79°C, and extraction time of 3.6 min. In comparison to the previous reports, the proposed technique could equally monitor all the essential oil components with no significant differences in a simple way, which was more rapid and required a much lower amount of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, P. R. China
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