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Edsall C, Huynh L, Hall T, Vlaisavljevich E. Bubble Cloud Characteristics and Ablation Efficiency in Dual-Frequency Intrinsic Threshold Histotripsy. ArXiv 2023:arXiv:2307.03245v1. [PMID: 37461413 PMCID: PMC10350103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Histotripsy is a non-thermal focused ultrasound ablation method that destroys tissue through the generation and activity of acoustic cavitation bubble clouds. Intrinsic threshold histotripsy uses single-cycle pulses to generate bubble clouds when the dominant negative pressure phase exceeds an intrinsic threshold of ~25-30 MPa. The ablation efficiency is dependent upon the size and density of bubbles within the bubble cloud. This work investigates the effects of dual-frequency pulsing schemes on the bubble cloud behavior and ablation efficiency in intrinsic threshold histotripsy. A modular 500 kHz:3 MHz histotripsy transducer treated agarose phantoms using dual-frequency histotripsy pulses with a 1:1 pressure ratio from 500 kHz and 3 MHz frequency elements and varying arrival times for the 3 MHz pulse relative to the arrival of the 500 kHz pulse (-100 ns, 0 ns, and +100 ns). High-speed optical imaging captured cavitation effects to characterize bubble cloud and individual bubble dynamics. The effects of dual-frequency pulsing on lesion formation and ablation efficiency were also investigated in red blood cell (RBC) phantoms. Results showed that the single bubble and bubble cloud size for dual-frequency cases were intermediate to published results for the component single frequencies of 500 kHz and 3 MHz. Additionally, bubble cloud size and dynamics were shown to be altered by the arrival time of the 3 MHz pulse with respect to the 500 kHz pulse, with more uniform cloud expansion and collapse observed for early (-100 ns) arrival. Finally, RBC phantom experiments showed that dual-frequency exposures were capable of generating precise lesions with smaller areas and higher ablation efficiencies than previously published results for 500 kHz or 3 MHz. Overall, results demonstrate dual-frequency histotripsy's ability to modulate bubble cloud size and dynamics can be leveraged to produce precise lesions at higher ablation efficiencies than previously observed for single-frequency pulsing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Edsall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA, 24061
| | - Laura Huynh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 445 Old Turner St., Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Tim Hall
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2133, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA, 24061
- ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 325 Stanger St., Blacksburg, VA, 24061
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Anusitviwat C, Vanitcharoenkul E, Chotiyarnwong P, Unnanuntana A. Dual-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis is Accurate and Reliable to Determine Lean Muscle Mass in The Elderly. J Clin Densitom 2023; 26:90-96. [PMID: 36567160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (DF-BIA) devices are more accessible and affordable than dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); however, no studies have reported the accuracy of DF-BIA in body composition measurement, especially in the Thai elderly. The aims of this study were to (1) compare the accuracies of lean muscle masses measured by DF-BIA devices and DXA and (2) assess the reliability of the DF-BIA device. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on participants older than 60 years who visited the Orthopedic Clinic of Siriraj Hospital. Whole-body and appendicular skeletal muscle masses (ASMs) were measured using DF-BIA (Tanita RD-545), with DXA (GE Lunar iDXA) as the standard reference. The test-retest reliability of the DF-BIA and the agreement between the devices were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. Regression analysis was used to develop an equation to estimate ASM values from BIA close to those from DXA. RESULTS The mean age of 88 participants was 73.8 (SD 8.0) years, with women predominating (84.1%). The agreement of BIA and DXA was very high for whole-body lean mass (ICC = 0.954) and ASM (ICC = 0.954), but the mean difference in muscle mass from DF-BIA was overestimated. The ICCs of test-retest reliability for whole-body muscle mass and ASM were 0.987 and 0.988, respectively. The equation for corrected ASM was formulated from a linear equation (R2 = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS Although lean muscle mass from DF-BIA was minimally overestimated relative to DXA, this device had high accuracy and reliability for lean muscle mass evaluation in the elderly. DXA and DF-BIA are interchangeable for the assessment of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirathit Anusitviwat
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ekasame Vanitcharoenkul
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Pojchong Chotiyarnwong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aasis Unnanuntana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ouyang N, Ma H, Ding Y, Lu F, Guo L, Zhang X, Gu C. Effect of slit dual-frequency ultrasonic emulsification technology on the stability of walnut emulsions. Ultrason Sonochem 2022; 82:105876. [PMID: 34942470 PMCID: PMC8799610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A highly hygienic walnut emulsion beverage was prepared by using a slit dual-frequency emulsification technique. The optimal ultrasonic parameters were studied as a model system: the ultrasonic time of 50 min, the ultrasonic power density of 260 W/L, and a dual-frequency ultrasonic combination of 28/68 kHz. Walnut emulsion with an average mean volume diameter of 2.05 µm, a Zeta potential absolute value of 40 mV was obtained after ultrasonic treatment, and the emulsion stability could be maintained for more than 14 days without phase separation. At the lowest ultrasonic energy input, the vibrating emulsion could promote droplet aggregation. However, excessive energy input could result in sample overtreatment and reduced emulsion activity. The laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed that walnut emulsion processed by slit dual-frequency ultrasonic had pretty high stability. Therefore, the slit dual-frequency ultrasonic emulsification technique was found to be well suited for the preparation of complex and fine oil-in-water food emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Ouyang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Yanhua Ding
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Feng Lu
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lina Guo
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chen Gu
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Kerboua K, Hamdaoui O, Alghyamah A. Energy balance of high-energy stable acoustic cavitation within dual-frequency sonochemical reactor. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 73:105471. [PMID: 33571941 PMCID: PMC7872890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic cavitation bubble as an open energetic system is the seat of conversion of various forms of energy accompanying the bubble oscillation. The energy conversion would explain specific dynamical, thermal and kinetical behaviors. In the present paper, the energy balance related to a stable bubble irradiated by dual-frequency field is simulated numerically and interpreted in accordance with the phenomena occurring inside it. The study particularly focuses on the comparison of the energetic behavior of high-energy stable cavitation with bubbles that are non-active in sonochemistry, submitted to couples of 35, 140, 300 and 515 kHz. The simulation results revealed that pressure forces work is the major energetic input during the bubble oscillation lifetime, while the main energetic loss comes from heat transfer by diffusion and enthalpy loss accompanying water condensation. Besides, high rates of condensation of water molecules and low amounts of accumulated energy inside the bubble volume were identified as the key factors preventing the achievement of the sonochemical activity threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaouther Kerboua
- Ecole Supérieure de Technologies Industrielles, Department of Second Cycle, P.O. Box 218, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulaziz Alghyamah
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ye L, Zhu X, Liu Y. Numerical study on dual-frequency ultrasonic enhancing cavitation effect based on bubble dynamic evolution. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 59:104744. [PMID: 31473426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic cavitation is a physical dynamic phenomenon of bubbles inflation, compression, and collapse in liquid. A dual-frequency ultrasonic cavitation dynamics model is established in this paper to investigate dynamic evolution of bubble under single and dual frequency ultrasonic modes. The variation of bubble radius, pressure, energy, temperature, and number of water vapor molecules inside the bubble in single and dual frequency ultrasonic modes are analyzed, respectively. The results show the oscillation of cavitation bubbles is more unstable and easier to collapse in dual-frequency ultrasound field than those in single-frequency ultrasound field. With the increase of the ultrasonic frequency, cavitation effect is weakened due to the shortage of oscillation period. Under the same ultrasonic power, the maximums of bubble radius, pressure, and water vapor molecules number inside the bubble in the dual-frequency mode are larger than those in the single-frequency mode. Under the ultrasonic excited by 50 kHz + 70 kHz, the maximum bubble radius and pressure can reach 36.061 μm and 2285.9 MPa, respectively, which are much larger than 18.183 μm, 730.61 MPa at 50 kHz and 14.576 μm, 332.25 MPa at 70 kHz. The calculation results of three different frequency combinations (30 kHz + 50 kHz, 40 kHz + 60 kHz and 50 kHz + 70 kHz) indicate dual-frequency ultrasound can significantly enhance the cavitation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzheng Ye
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Xijing Zhu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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Waldo NB, Vecitis CD. Combined effects of phase-shift and power distribution on efficiency of dual-high-frequency sonochemistry. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 41:100-108. [PMID: 29137731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to increase the efficiency of sonochemical reactors, this study investigates a single-source, dual-high-frequency ultrasound reactor. Experiments were conducted with a variety of piezoelectric crystals and reactor components, and for each reactor design a range of power distributions and phase shifts between the two frequencies were evaluated. Certain dual-frequency configurations produced up to a threefold increase in sonochemical efficiency, while others yeilded no improvement over a single frequency. These results led to two significant findings. First, phase-shift had a strong effect on sonochemical efficiency for both harmonic and non-harmonic frequency combinations. Second, the most efficient dual-harmonic-frequency waveforms had a single peak per half-cycle, rather than two unique peaks. If dual-frequency, single-source ultrasound reactors are to become more efficient they must be able to consistently control the phase angle of and power distribution between harmonic waves to create an optimal waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Waldo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chad D Vecitis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Chen X, Ning F, Hou J, Le Q, Tang Y. Dual-frequency ultrasonic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 40:433-441. [PMID: 28946443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Compared with other dual-frequency acoustic applications, melt-treatment with dual-frequency ultrasound was less researched, especially in magnesium field. In this present work, traditional single-frequency ultrasonic field (SUF) treatment and dual-frequency ultrasonic field (DUF) treatment were used to refine the as-cast microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of the ZK60 (Mg-Zn-Zr) magnesium alloy. The influences of DUF on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were systematically investigated, and the cavitation bubble's dynamic behaviors were investigated by numerical simulation. α-Mg grains and second phases were dramatically refined by introduced ultrasound, and DUF showed higher refinement efficiency than SUF. The DUF treatment promoted the formation of small α-Mg globular grains and changed the distribution and morphology of MgZn2 phases. Mechanical properties of the as-cast alloy were much promoted with DUF. Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation increased to 153MPa, 239MPa and 13.9% respectively after 1400W DUF treatment, which were 30.8%, 42.3% and 58.0% higher than the values obtained from untreated samples and 20.5%, 20.7% and 30.0% higher than 1200W SUF treated samples. The DUF can generate more and larger cavitation bubbles, and make more bubbles into instantaneous bubbles, improving refinement efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui Chen
- Key Lab of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, 314 Mailbox, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangkun Ning
- Key Lab of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, 314 Mailbox, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hou
- Key Lab of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, 314 Mailbox, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Qichi Le
- Key Lab of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, 314 Mailbox, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Tang
- Key Lab of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, 314 Mailbox, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li S. Combination and simultaneous resonances of gas bubbles oscillating in liquids under dual-frequency acoustic excitation. Ultrason Sonochem 2017; 35:431-439. [PMID: 27818004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The multi-frequency acoustic excitation has been employed to enhance the effects of oscillating bubbles in sonochemistry for many years. In the present paper, nonlinear dynamic oscillations of bubble under dual-frequency acoustic excitation are numerically investigated within a broad range of parameters. By investigating the power spectra and the response curves of oscillating bubbles, two unique features of bubble oscillations under dual-frequency excitation (termed as "combination resonance" and "simultaneous resonance") are revealed and discussed. Specifically, the amplitudes of the combination resonances are quantitatively compared with those of other traditional resonances (e.g. main resonances, harmonics). The influences of several paramount parameters (e.g., the bubble radius, the acoustic pressure amplitude, the energy allocation between two component waves) on nonlinear bubble oscillations are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China; School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Condition Monitoring and Control for Power Plant Equipment, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; School of Power, Energy and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Shengcai Li
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Zhang C, Qiu L, Gao L, Guan Y, Xu Q, Zhang X, Chen Q. A novel dual-frequency loading system for studying mechanobiology of load-bearing tissue. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016; 69:262-7. [PMID: 27612712 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In mechanobiological research, an appropriate loading system is an essential tool to mimic mechanical signals in a native environment. To achieve this goal, we have developed a novel loading system capable of applying dual-frequency loading including both a low-frequency high-amplitude loading and a high-frequency low-amplitude loading, according to the mechanical conditions experienced by bone and articular cartilage tissues. The low-frequency high-amplitude loading embodies the main force from muscular contractions and/or reaction forces while the high-frequency low-amplitude loading represents an assistant force from small muscles, ligaments and/or other tissue in order to maintain body posture during human activities. Therefore, such dual frequency loading system may reflect the natural characteristics of complex mechanical load on bone or articular cartilage than the single frequency loading often applied during current mechanobiological experiments. The dual-frequency loading system is validated by experimental tests using precision miniature plane-mirror interferometers. The dual-frequency loading results in significantly more solute transport in articular cartilage than that of the low-frequency high-amplitude loading regiment alone, as determined by quantitative fluorescence microscopy of tracer distribution in articular cartilage. Thus, the loading system can provide a new method to mimic mechanical environment in bone and cartilage, thereby revealing the in vivo mechanisms of mechanosensation, mechanotransduction and mass-transport, and improving mechanical conditioning of cartilage and/or bone constructs for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Lulu Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lilan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yinjie Guan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Qiang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xizheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
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Zhang Y, Li S. Acoustical scattering cross section of gas bubbles under dual-frequency acoustic excitation. Ultrason Sonochem 2015; 26:437-444. [PMID: 25801796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The acoustical scattering cross section is a paramount parameter determining the scattering ability of cavitation bubbles when they are excited by the incident acoustic waves. This parameter is strongly related with many important applications of acoustic cavitation including facilitating the reaction of chemical process, boosting bubble sonoluminescence, and performing non-invasive therapy and drug delivery. In present paper, both the analytical and numerical solutions of acoustical scattering cross section of gas bubbles under dual-frequency excitation are obtained. The validity of the analytical solution is shown with demonstrating examples. The nonlinear characteristics (e.g., harmonics, subharmonics and ultraharmonics) of the scattering cross section curve under dual-frequency approach are investigated. Compared with single-frequency approach, the dual-frequency approach displays more resonances termed as "combination resonances" and could promote the acoustical scattering cross section significantly within a much broader range of bubble sizes due to the generation of more resonances. The influence of several paramount parameters (e.g., acoustic pressure amplitude, power allocations between two acoustic components, and the ratio of the frequencies) in the dual-frequency system on the predictions of scattering cross section has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Shengcai Li
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Schoellhammer CM, Srinivasan S, Barman R, Mo SH, Polat BE, Langer R, Blankschtein D. Applicability and safety of dual-frequency ultrasonic treatment for the transdermal delivery of drugs. J Control Release 2015; 202:93-100. [PMID: 25662228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency ultrasound presents an attractive method for transdermal drug delivery. The controlled, yet non-specific nature of enhancement broadens the range of therapeutics that can be delivered, while minimizing necessary reformulation efforts for differing compounds. Long and inconsistent treatment times, however, have partially limited the attractiveness of this method. Building on recent advances made in this area, the simultaneous use of low- and high-frequency ultrasound is explored in a physiologically relevant experimental setup to enable the translation of this treatment to testing in vivo. Dual-frequency ultrasound, utilizing 20kHz and 1MHz wavelengths simultaneously, was found to significantly enhance the size of localized transport regions (LTRs) in both in vitro and in vivo models while decreasing the necessary treatment time compared to 20kHz alone. Additionally, LTRs generated by treatment with 20kHz+1MHz were found to be more permeable than those generated with 20kHz alone. This was further corroborated with pore-size estimates utilizing hindered-transport theory, in which the pores in skin treated with 20kHz+1MHz were calculated to be significantly larger than the pores in skin treated with 20kHz alone. This demonstrates for the first time that LTRs generated with 20kHz+1MHz are also more permeable than those generated with 20kHz alone, which could broaden the range of therapeutics and doses administered transdermally. With regard to safety, treatment with 20kHz+1MHz both in vitro and in vivo appeared to result in no greater skin disruption than that observed in skin treated with 20kHz alone, an FDA-approved modality. This study demonstrates that dual-frequency ultrasound is more efficient and effective than single-frequency ultrasound and is well-tolerated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Schoellhammer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sharanya Srinivasan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ross Barman
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stacy H Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Baris E Polat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Shen CC, Wu C, Peng JK. Supplementary Golay pair for range side lobe suppression in dual-frequency tissue harmonic imaging. Ultrasonics 2015; 56:477-486. [PMID: 25316208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dual-frequency (DF) harmonic imaging, the second harmonic signal at second harmonic (2f0) frequency and the inter-modulation harmonic signal at fundamental (f0) frequency are simultaneously imaged for spectral compounding. When the phase-encoded Golay pair is utilized to improve the harmonic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), however, the DF imaging suffers from range side lobe artifacts due to spectral cross-talk with other harmonic components at DC and third harmonic (3f0) frequency. METHODS In this study, a supplementary Golay pair is developed to suppress the range side lobes in combination with the original Golay pair. Since the phase code of the DC interference cannot be manipulated, the supplementary Golay is designed to reverse the polarity of the 3f0 interference and the f0 signal while keeping the 2f0 signal unchanged. For 2f0 imaging, the echo summation of the supplementary and the original Golay can cancel the 3f0 interference. On the contrary, the echo difference between the two Golay pairs can eliminate the DC interference for f0 imaging. RESULTS Hydrophone measurements indicate that the range side lobe level (RSLL) increases with the signal bandwidth of DF harmonic imaging. By using the combination of the two Golay pairs, the achievable suppression of RSLL can be 3 and 14 dB, respectively for the f0 and 2f0 harmonic signal. B-mode phantom imaging also verifies the presence of range side lobe artifacts when only the original Golay pair is utilized. In combination with the supplementary Golay pair, the artifacts are effectively suppressed. The corresponding range side lobe magnitude reduces by about 8 dB in 2f0 imaging but remains unchanged in f0 imaging. Meanwhile, the harmonic SNR improves by 8-10 dB and the contrast-to-noise ratio of harmonic image increases from about 1 to 1.2 by spectral compounding. CONCLUSION For DF tissue harmonic imaging, the spectral cross-talk in Golay excitation results in severe range side lobe artifacts. To restore the image quality, two particular phase-encoded Golay pairs are required to perform either echo summation or difference for elimination of unwanted harmonic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chou Shen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chi Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Kai Peng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ninomiya K, Noda K, Ogino C, Kuroda SI, Shimizu N. Enhanced OH radical generation by dual-frequency ultrasound with TiO2 nanoparticles: its application to targeted sonodynamic therapy. Ultrason Sonochem 2014; 21:289-94. [PMID: 23746399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated the enhanced hydroxyl (OH) radical generation by combined use of dual-frequency (0.5 MHz and 1 MHz) ultrasound (US) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) as sonocatalyst. The OH radical generation became the maximum, when 0.5 MHz US was irradiated at an intensity of 0.8 W/cm(2) and 1 MHz US was irradiated at intensities at 0.4 W/cm(2) in the presence of TiO2 NPs under the examined conditions. After incorporation of TiO2 NPs modified with targeting protein pre-S1/S2, HepG2 cancer cells were subjected to the dual-frequency US at optimum irradiation intensities ("targeted-TiO2/dual-US treatment"). Growth of the HepG2 cells was reduced by 46% compared with the control condition after irradiation of dual-frequency US for 60s with TiO2 NPs incorporation. In contrast, HepG2 cell growth was almost the same as that in the control condition when cells were irradiated with either 0.5 MHz or 1 MHz ultrasound alone without TiO2 NP incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Ninomiya
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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