Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complexes bearing cationic N-methyl-2-pyridinium group

Electronic charge near the active site is an important factor for controlling the reactivity of metalloenzymes. Here, to investigate the effect of the cationic charge near the heme in heme proteins, we synthesized new iron porphyrin complexes (1 and 2) having cationic 3-methyl-N-methyl-2-pyrdinium group and N-methyl-2-pyridinium group at one of the four meso-positions, respectively. The N-methyl-2-pyridinium groups could be introduced by Stille coupling used palladium catalysts. Oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complexes (Compound I) of 1 (1-CompI) and 2 (2-CompI) are soluble in most organic solvents, allowing direct comparison of their electronic structure and reactivity with Compound I of tetramesitylporphyrin (3-CompI) and tetrakis-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin (4-CompI) under the same conditions. Spectroscopic data for 1-CompI are close to those for 3-CompI, but the redox potential for 1-CompI is close to that of 4-CompI. Kinetic analysis of the epoxidation reactions shows that 1-CompI and 2-CompI are (~250-fold) more reactive than 3-CompI, and comparable to 4-CompI. DFT calculations allow to propose that the positive shift of the redox potential and the enhanced reactivity of 1-CompI and 2-CompI is induced by the intramolecular electric field effect of N-methyl-2-pyridinium cation, not by the electron-withdrawing effect.

Important parameters for optimized metal nanoparticles-aided electromagnetic field (EMF) effect on cancer

Background

A number of experimental research findings for the metal nanoparticles (NPs)-mediated EMF photothermal therapy of cancer cells show an intriguing trend of the NPs’ size-dependent efficacy. This is a phenomenon we find to trend with the light absorption bandwidth behavior (full width at half maximum) of the NPs and the accompanying electric field enhancement. We find that the nanoparticle sizes that have been reported to produce the optimized effect on cancer cells are of minimum absorption bandwidth and optimized electric field magnitude. While the death of cancer cells under the NPs-aided EMF effect has in the past attracted varied interpretations, either as a thermal or non-thermal effect, photothermal effect has gained a wide acceptance due to the exhibited hyperthermia. However, the exhibited trend of the NPs’ size-dependent efficacy is beginning to feature as a possible manifestation of other overlooked underlying or synergistic phenomenal conditions.

Method

We present a theoretical model and analysis which reveal that the contribution and efficacy of the metal NPs in the destruction of cancer depend partly but significantly on the accompanying electric field intensity enhancement factor and partly on their absorption cross-section.

Results

This paper finds that, other than the expected hyperthermia, the metal NPs’ sizes for the optimized therapy on cancer cells seem to fulfill other synergistic conditions which need to come to the fore. We find interplay between electric field and thermal effects as independent energy channels where balancing may be important for the optimized EMF effect, in the ratio of about 5:1. The required balancing depends on the absorption bandwidth and absorption cross-section of the NPs, the frequency of EMF used and the relative permittivity of the cancer cells. The NPs’ size-dependent efficacy decreases away from the NPs’ size of minimum absorption bandwidth, which is around 20 nm for Au NPs or other shapes of equivalent surface area–volume ratio. While the absorption wavelength peak for metal NPs would change with the change of shape, the responsible condition(s) for optimizing the efficacy remains relatively invariable.

Conclusion

From the modeling and the analysis of the NPs’ size for optimizing the EMF therapy on cancer cells, the ratio of electric field enhancement by metal NPs to the associated thermal effect is a very important factor for efficacy.