Root and stem rot, and wilting of olive tree caused by Dematophora necatrix and associated with Emmia lacerata in Central Italy

Lethal wilting was observed on young olive trees cv Favolosa in a grove in central Italy. White mycelial strands wrapped the basal portion of the stems that had been buried during planting. The bark was rotted and the xylem was discoloured. A fungal morphotype was strictly associated with symptomatic plants and identified as Dematophora (ex Rosellinia) necatrix. Pathogenicity tests on cvs Favolosa, Leccino and Ogliarola demonstrated that D. necatrix was the causal agent of the disease. Our investigations revealed that infections occurring during autumn and winter greatly favour the disease. By applying a marcottage to the inoculation point, we accelerated the course of the disease and mimicked the lethal outcome observed in the field. In in vitro tests, seven systemic (potential) fungicides strongly inhibited D. necatrix. Dentamet, Al-phosphite and Thiophanate methyl were selected to be tested in planta with a curative and preventive modality. Only Thiophanate methyl, in preventive modality, fully protected the plants from disease progression throughout the observation period. An additional fungal species was strictly associated with both diseased and apparently healthy plants. Morphological and molecular features identified the fungus as Emmia lacerata, a polypore species within the Irpicaceae, which is the agent of white rot on dead woody substrates. To our knowledge, this is the first time that E. lacerata has been reported in Italy and worldwide on olive trees. Inoculation of ‛Favolosa' trees revealed that it colonizes the xylem without causing visible alterations. The possible role of E. lacerata in the olive tree-D. necatrix pathosystem is discussed.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10658-022-02458-1.