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Ji RL, Tao YX. Mutations in rhodopsin, endothelin B receptor, and CC chemokine receptor 5 in large animals: Modeling human diseases. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2022; 189:155-78. [PMID: 35595348 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell membrane receptors involved in modulating almost all physiological processes by transducing extracellular signals into the cytoplasm. Dysfunctions of GPCR-regulated signaling result in diverse human diseases, making GPCRs the most popular drug targets for human medicine. Large animals share higher similarities (in physiology and metabolism) with humans than rodents. Similar to findings in human genetics, diverse diseases caused by mutations in GPCR genes have also been discovered in large animals. Rhodopsin, endothelin B receptor, and CC chemokine receptor type 5 have been shown to be involved in human retinitis pigmentosa, Hirschsprung disease, and HIV infection/AIDS, respectively, and several mutations of these GPCRs have also been identified from large animals. The large animals with naturally occurring mutations of these GPCRs provide an opportunity to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of human diseases, and can be used for preclinical trials of therapies for human diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize the naturally occurring mutations of these three GPCRs in large animals and humans.
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Vasaikar S, Tsipras G, Landázuri N, Costa H, Wilhelmi V, Scicluna P, Cui HL, Mohammad AA, Davoudi B, Shang M, Ananthaseshan S, Strååt K, Stragliotto G, Rahbar A, Wong KT, Tegner J, Yaiw KC, Söderberg-Naucler C. Overexpression of endothelin B receptor in glioblastoma: a prognostic marker and therapeutic target? BMC Cancer 2018; 18:154. [PMID: 29409474 PMCID: PMC5801893 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor with median survival of 12-15 months. Owing to uncertainty in clinical outcome, additional prognostic marker(s) apart from existing markers are needed. Since overexpression of endothelin B receptor (ETBR) has been demonstrated in gliomas, we aimed to test whether ETBR is a useful prognostic marker in GBM and examine if the clinically available endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) could be useful in the disease treatment. Methods Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus database were analyzed to assess ETBR expression. For survival analysis, glioblastoma samples from 25 Swedish patients were immunostained for ETBR, and the findings were correlated with clinical history. The druggability of ETBR was assessed by protein-protein interaction network analysis. ERAs were analyzed for toxicity in in vitro assays with GBM and breast cancer cells. Results By bioinformatics analysis, ETBR was found to be upregulated in glioblastoma patients, and its expression levels were correlated with reduced survival. ETBR interacts with key proteins involved in cancer pathogenesis, suggesting it as a druggable target. In vitro viability assays showed that ERAs may hold promise to treat glioblastoma and breast cancer. Conclusions ETBR is overexpressed in glioblastoma and other cancers and may be a prognostic marker in glioblastoma. ERAs may be useful for treating cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4012-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Vasaikar
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgos Tsipras
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia Landázuri
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Costa
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Wilhelmi
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Scicluna
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huanhuan L Cui
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdul-Aleem Mohammad
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Belghis Davoudi
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mingmei Shang
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sharan Ananthaseshan
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Strååt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Afsar Rahbar
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jesper Tegner
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Koon-Chu Yaiw
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Naucler
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Experimental Cardiovascular Unit, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nakashima S, Sugita Y, Miyoshi H, Arakawa F, Muta H, Ishibashi Y, Niino D, Ohshima K, Terasaki M, Nakamura Y, Morioka M. Endothelin B receptor expression in malignant gliomas: the perivascular immune escape mechanism of gliomas. J Neurooncol 2015; 127:23-32. [PMID: 26645886 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the role of endothelin B receptors (ETBRs) in gliomas, we analyzed cell cultures and surgical specimens of gliomas using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR measured the absolute expression of ETBR mRNA in twelve samples, which included gliomas that were classified using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system Grade I-IV, as well as two glioblastoma cell lines (CCF-STTG1 and U87-MG). Using immunohistochemistry, 77 glioma specimens were evaluated for their expression of ETBR and infiltrating T lymphocytes, including an analysis of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs). The number of ETBR-positive vessels in the glioblastomas (Grade IV) was significantly higher than in other grades of gliomas (comparisons to Grade IV, Grade I: p = 0.0323, Grade II: p = 0.0009, Grade III: p = 0.0273). The ETBR expression rate (defined as the number of ETBR-positive blood vessels divided by the total number of blood vessels) in the glioblastomas was higher than the ETBR expression rate in the low-grade gliomas (compared to Grade IV, Grade I: p = 0.0132, Grade II: p = 0.0018, Grade III: p = 0.0745). In addition, the cases which had an ETBR expression rate of 50 % or higher exhibited fewer infiltrating CTLs and more infiltrating Tregs compared to the cases with an ETBR expression rate <50 % (CTLs: p = 0.0342; Tregs: p = 0.0175). Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH-1) mutations were identified in 21 cases, but there was no correlation between ETBR expression and IDH-1 mutations for any WHO grade. These results suggest that ETBR expression during neo-angiogenesis may interfere with the homing of CTLs around the tumor and be involved in the immune escape mechanism of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Nakashima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Sugita
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Fumiko Arakawa
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroko Muta
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yukinao Ishibashi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Niino
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Mizuhiko Terasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Morioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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Barr TP, Kornberg D, Montmayeur JP, Long M, Reichheld S, Strichartz GR. Validation of endothelin B receptor antibodies reveals two distinct receptor-related bands on Western blot. Anal Biochem 2015; 468:28-33. [PMID: 25232999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are important tools for the study of protein expression but are often used without full validation. In this study, we used Western blots to characterize antibodies targeted to the N or C terminal (NT or CT, respectively) and the second or third intracellular loop (IL2 or IL3, respectively) of the endothelin B receptor (ETB). The IL2-targeted antibody accurately detected endogenous ETB expression in rat brain and cultured rat astrocytes by labeling a 50-kDa band, the expected weight of full-length ETB. However, this antibody failed to detect transfected ETB in HEK293 cultures. In contrast, the NT-targeted antibody accurately detected endogenous ETB in rat astrocyte cultures and transfected ETB in HEK293 cultures by labeling a 37-kDa band but failed to detect endogenous ETB in rat brain. Bands detected by the CT- or IL3-targeted antibody were found to be unrelated to ETB. Our findings show that functional ETB can be detected at 50 or 37kDa on Western blot, with drastic differences in antibody affinity for these bands. The 37-kDa band likely reflects ETB processing, which appears to be dependent on cell type and/or culture condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Barr
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Kornberg
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Montmayeur
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melinda Long
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Reichheld
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gary R Strichartz
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Du QH, Han L, Jiang JJ, Li PT, Wang XY, Jia X. Increased endothelin receptor B and G protein coupled kinase-2 in the mesentery of portal hypertensive rats. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2065-2072. [PMID: 23599626 PMCID: PMC3623984 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i13.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the mechanisms of mesenteric vasodilation in portal hypertension (PHT), with a focus on endothelin signaling.
METHODS: PHT was induced in rats by common bile duct ligation (CBDL). Portal pressure (PP) was measured directly via catheters placed in the portal vein tract. The level of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the mesenteric circulation was determined by radioimmunoassay, and the expression of the endothelin A receptor (ETAR) and endothelin B receptor (ETBR) was assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Additionally, expression of G protein coupled kinase-2 (GRK2) and β-arrestin 2, which influence endothelin receptor sensitivity, were also studied by Western blot.
RESULTS: PP of CBDL rats increased significantly (11.89 ± 1.38 mmHg vs 16.34 ± 1.63 mmHg). ET-1 expression decreased in the mesenteric circulation 2 and 4 wk after CBDL. ET-1 levels in the systemic circulation of CBDL rats were increased at 2 wk and decreased at 4 wk. There was no change in ETAR expression in response to CBDL; however, increased expression of ETBR in the endothelial cells of mesenteric arterioles and capillaries was observed. In sham-operated rats, ETBR was mainly expressed in the CD31+ endothelial cells of the arterioles. With development of PHT, in addition to the endothelial cells, ETBR expression was noticeably detectable in the SMA+ smooth muscle cells of arterioles and in the CD31+ capillaries. Following CBDL, increased expression of GRK2 was also found in mesenteric tissue, though there was no change in the level of β-arrestin 2.
CONCLUSION: Decreased levels of ET-1 and increased ETBR expression in the mesenteric circulation following CBDL in rats may underlie mesenteric vasodilation in individuals with PHT. Mechanistically, increased GRK2 expression may lead to desensitization of ETAR, as well as other vasoconstrictors, promoting this vasodilatory effect.
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