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Moore AC, Hennessy MG, Nogueira LP, Franks SJ, Taffetani M, Seong H, Kang YK, Tan WS, Miklosic G, El Laham R, Zhou K, Zharova L, King JR, Wagner B, Haugen HJ, Münch A, Stevens MM. Fiber reinforced hydrated networks recapitulate the poroelastic mechanics of articular cartilage. Acta Biomater 2023; 167:69-82. [PMID: 37331613 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of poroelasticity on the functional performance of articular cartilage has been established in the scientific literature since the 1960s. Despite the extensive knowledge on this topic there remain few attempts to design for poroelasticity and to our knowledge no demonstration of an engineered poroelastic material that approaches the physiological performance. In this paper, we report on the development of an engineered material that begins to approach physiological poroelasticity. We quantify poroelasticity using the fluid load fraction, apply mixture theory to model the material system, and determine cytocompatibility using primary human mesenchymal stem cells. The design approach is based on a fiber reinforced hydrated network and uses routine fabrication methods (electrohydrodynamic deposition) and materials (poly[ɛ-caprolactone] and gelatin) to develop the engineered poroelastic material. This composite material achieved a mean peak fluid load fraction of 68%, displayed consistency with mixture theory, and demonstrated cytocompatibility. This work creates a foundation for designing poroelastic cartilage implants and developing scaffold systems to study chondrocyte mechanobiology and tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Poroelasticity drives the functional mechanics of articular cartilage (load bearing and lubrication). In this work we develop the design rationale and approach to produce a poroelastic material, known as a fiber reinforced hydrated network (FiHy™), that begins to approach the native performance of articular cartilage. This is the first engineered material system capable of exceeding isotropic linear poroelastic theory. The framework developed here enables fundamental studies of poroelasticity and the development of translational materials for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Moore
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M G Hennessy
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - L P Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway; Oral Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | - S J Franks
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - M Taffetani
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - H Seong
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Y K Kang
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - W S Tan
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - G Miklosic
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R El Laham
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - K Zhou
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - L Zharova
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J R King
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - B Wagner
- Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics, Berlin D-10117, Germany
| | - H J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo NO-0316, Norway
| | - A Münch
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - M M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Tan WS, Moore AC, Stevens MM. Minimum design requirements for a poroelastic mimic of articular cartilage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105528. [PMID: 36343521 PMCID: PMC7615484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The exceptional functional performance of articular cartilage (load-bearing and lubrication) is attributed to its poroelastic structure and resulting interstitial fluid pressure. Despite this, there remains no engineered cartilage repair material capable of achieving physiologically relevant poroelasticity. In this work we develop in silico models to guide the design approach for poroelastic mimics of articular cartilage. We implement the constitutive models in FEBio, a PDE solver for multiphasic mechanics problems in biological and soft materials. We investigate the influence of strain rate, boundary conditions at the contact interface, and fiber modulus on the reaction force and load sharing between the solid and fluid phases. The results agree with the existing literature that when fibers are incorporated the fraction of load supported by fluid pressure is greatly amplified and increases with the fiber modulus. This result demonstrates that a stiff fibrous phase is a primary design requirement for poroelastic mimics of articular cartilage. The poroelastic model is fit to experimental stress-relaxation data from bovine and porcine cartilage to determine if sufficient design constraints have been identified. In addition, we fit experimental data from FiHy™, an engineered material which is claimed to be poroelastic. The fiber-reinforced poroelastic model was able to capture the primary physics of these materials and demonstrates that FiHy™ is beginning to approach a cartilage-like poroelastic response. We also develop a fiber-reinforced poroelastic model with a bonded interface (rigid contact) to fit stress relaxation data from an osteochondral explant and FiHy™ + bone substitute. The model fit quality is similar for both the chondral and osteochondral configurations and clearly captures the first order physics. Based on this, we propose that physiological poroelastic mimics of articular cartilage should be developed under a fiber-reinforced poroelastic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei S Tan
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Axel C Moore
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Nguyen HTN, Vu NB. A Simple Method to Produce Engineered Cartilage from Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Poly ε-Caprolactone Scaffolds. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021:181-191. [PMID: 34739719 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The damaged articular cartilage has limited self-regeneration capacity because of the absence of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. Cartilage transplantation is, hence, a popular method used to treat this disease. However, sources of autograft and allogenic cartilage for transplantation are limited. Therefore, this study aims to suggest a simple method to produce engineered cartilage from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds. METHODS ADSCs were isolated and expanded from fat tissues according to published protocols. PCL-porous scaffolds were produced from PCL with 5 × 5 × 0.6 mm3 with 200-400 μ m pore sizes. ADSCs were seeded on the PCL scaffolds at three different densities (104, 105, 106 cells per scaffold). The adherence of ADSCs on the surface of PCL scaffolds was evaluated based on an immunostaining assay to determine the presence of ADSCs. The cell proliferation on PCL scaffolds was determined by MTT assay. The complexity in ADSCs and PCL scaffolds was induced to cartilage using a chondrogenesis medium. The engineered cartilage was characterized by the accumulation of proteoglycan and aggrecan by Safranin O staining assay. Their structures were evaluated using an H-E staining assay. Finally, these engineered cartilage tissues were transplanted into mice to assess cartilage maturation when compared to natural cartilage. RESULTS The results showed that the engineered cartilage tissues could be successfully produced by cultures of ADSCs on poly ε-caprolactone scaffolds in combination with chondrogenesis medium. The suitable density of ADSCs was 106 cells/per scaffold of 5 × 6 × 0.6 mm3 with pore size from 200 to 400 μ m. CONCLUSION The results showed that an in vitro cartilage tissue was created from ADSCs and PCL scaffold. The cartilage tissue exists in the mice for 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Thi-Ngoc Nguyen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Bich Vu
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Hamamoto S, Chijimatsu R, Shimomura K, Kobayashi M, Jacob G, Yano F, Saito T, Chung UI, Tanaka S, Nakamura N. Enhancement of chondrogenic differentiation supplemented by a novel small compound for chondrocyte-based tissue engineering. J Exp Orthop 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 32146609 PMCID: PMC7060980 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-020-00228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chondrocyte -based tissue engineering has been a promising option for the treatment of cartilage lesions. In previous literature, TD198946 has been shown to promote chondrogenic differentiation which could prove useful in cartilage regeneration therapies. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of TD198946 in generating engineered cartilage using dedifferentiated chondrocyte-seeded collagen scaffolds treated with TD198946. Methods Articular chondrocytes were isolated from mini pig knees and expanded in 2-dimensional cell culture and subsequently used in the experiments. 3-D pellets were then cultured for two weeks. Cells were also cultured in a type I collagen scaffolds for four weeks. Specimens were cultured with TD198946, BMP-2, or both in combination. Outcomes were determined by gene expression levels of RUNX1, SOX9, ACAN, COL1A1, COL2A1 and COL10A1, the glycosaminoglycan content, and characteristics of histology and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the maturity of the engineered cartilage cultured for two weeks was evaluated through subcutaneous implantation in nude mice for four weeks. Results Addition of TD198946 demonstrated the upregulation of gene expression level except for ACAN, type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis in both pellet and 3D scaffold cultures. TD198946 and BMP-2 combination cultures showed higher chondrogenic differentiation than TD198946 or BMP-2 alone. The engineered cartilage maintained its extracellular matrices for four weeks post implantation. In contrast, engineered cartilage treated with either TD198946 or BMP-2 alone was mostly absorbed. Conclusions Our results indicate that TD198946 could improve quality of engineered cartilage by redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes pre-implantation and promoting collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hamamoto
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryota Chijimatsu
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimomura
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - George Jacob
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ung-Il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan. .,Global Center of Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Japan. .,Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan.
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Komura M, Komura H, Satake R, Suzuki K, Yonekawa H, Ikebukuro K, Komuro H, Hoshi K, Takato T, Moriwaki T, Nakayama Y. Fabrication of an anatomy-mimicking BIO-AIR-TUBE with engineered cartilage. Regen Ther 2019; 11:176-181. [PMID: 31453272 PMCID: PMC6700413 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We devised a strategy for the fabrication of an ‘anatomy-mimicking’ cylinder-type engineered trachea combined with cartilage engineering. The engineered BIOTUBEs are used to support the architecture of the body tissue, for long-segment trachea (>5 cm) with carinal reconstruction. The aim of the present study was to fabricate an anatomy-mimicking cylinder-type regenerative airway, and investigate its applicability in a rabbit model. Methods Collagen sponge rings (diameter: 6 mm) were arranged on a silicon tube (diameter: 6 mm) at 2-mm intervals. Chondrocytes from the auricular cartilage were seeded onto collagen sponges immediately prior to implantation in an autologous manner. These constructs were embedded in dorsal subcutaneous pouches of rabbits. One month after implantation, the constructs were retrieved for histological examination. In addition, cervical tracheal sleeve resection was performed, and these engineered constructs were implanted into defective airways through end-to-end anastomosis. Results One month after implantation, the engineered constructs exhibited similar rigidity and flexibility to those observed with the native trachea. Through histological examination, the constructs showed an anatomy-mimicking tracheal architecture. In addition, the engineered constructs could be anastomosed to the native trachea without air leakage. Conclusion The present study provides the possibility of generating anatomy-mimicking cylinder-type airways, termed BIO-AIR-TUBEs, that engineer cartilage in an in-vivo culture system. This approach involves the use of BIOTUBEs formed via in-body tissue architecture technology. Therefore, the BIO-AIR-TUBE may be useful as the basic architecture of artificial airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Komura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroko Komura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Satake
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yonekawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ikebukuro
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Komuro
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hoshi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Tokyo University Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takato
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Tokyo University Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takeshi Moriwaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Hecht N, Johnstone B, Angele P, Walker T, Richter W. Mechanosensitive MiRs regulated by anabolic and catabolic loading of human cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1208-18. [PMID: 31009748 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elucidation of whether miRs are involved in mechanotransduction pathways by which cartilage is maintained or disturbed has a particular importance in our understanding of osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology. The aim was to investigate whether mechanical loading influences global miR-expression in human chondrocytes and to identify mechanosensitive miRs responding to beneficial and non-beneficial loading regimes as potential to obtain valuable diagnostic or therapeutic targets to advance OA-treatment. METHOD Mature tissue-engineered human cartilage was subjected to two distinct loading regimes either stimulating or suppressing proteoglycan-synthesis, before global miR microarray analysis. Promising candidate miRs were selected, re-evaluated by qRT-PCR and tested for expression in human healthy vs OA cartilage samples. RESULTS After anabolic loading, miR microarray profiling revealed minor changes in miR-expression while catabolic stimulation produced a significant regulation of 80 miRs with a clear separation of control and compressed samples by hierarchical clustering. Cross-testing of selected miRs revealed that miR-221, miR-6872-3p, miR-6723-5p were upregulated by both loading conditions while others (miR-199b-5p, miR-1229-5p, miR-1275, miR-4459, miR-6891-5p, miR-7150) responded specifically after catabolic loading. Mechanosensitivity of miR-221 correlated with pERK1/2-activation induced by both loading conditions. The miR-response to loading was transient and a constitutive deregulation of mechano-miRs in OA vs healthy articular cartilage was not observed. CONCLUSIONS MiRs with broader vs narrower mechanosensitivity were discovered and the first group of mechanosensitive miRs characteristic for non-beneficial loading was defined that may shape the proteome differentially when cartilage tissue is disturbed. The findings prompt future investigations into miR-relevance for mechano-responsive pathways and the corresponding miR-target molecules.
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Dao TT, Vu NB, Pham LH, Van Gia L, Le HT, Phi LT, Bui KH, Le PT, Van Pham P. In Vitro Production of Cartilage Tissue from Rabbit Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Polycaprolactone Scaffold. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1084:45-60. [PMID: 29299874 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro production of tissues or tissue engineering is a promising approach to produce artificial tissues for regenerative medicine. There are at least three important components of tissue engineering, including stem cells, scaffolds and growth factors. This study aimed to produce cartilage tissues in vitro from culture and chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), induced by chondrogenesis medium, on biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. BMMSCs were isolated from rabbit bone marrow according to the standard protocol. The adherence, proliferation and differentiation of BMMSCs on scaffolds were investigated using two scaffold systems: PCL scaffolds and collagen-coated PCL (PCL/col) scaffolds. The results showed that BMMSCs could attach and grow on both PCL and PCL/col scaffolds. However, the adhesion efficacy of BMMSCs on the PCL/col scaffolds was significantly better than on PCL scaffolds. Under induced conditions, BMMSCs on PLC/col scaffolds showed increased aggrecan accumulation and upregulated expression of chondrogenesis-associated genes (e.g. collagen type II, collagen type I, aggrecan and collagen type X) after 3, 7, 21 and 28 days of induction. These in vitro cartilage tissues could form mature chondrocyte-like cells after they were grafted into rabbits. The results suggest that use of BMMSCs in combination with polycaprolactone scaffolds and chondrogenesis medium can be a way to form in vitro cartilage tissue.
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