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Yoon HH, Nam MH, Choi I, Min J, Jeon SR. Optogenetic inactivation of the entopeduncular nucleus improves forelimb akinesia in a Parkinson's disease model. Behav Brain Res 2020; 386:112551. [PMID: 32057827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We performed optogenetic inactivation of rats' entopeduncular nucleus (EP, homologous to primates' globus pallidus interna (GPi)) and investigated the therapeutic effect in a rat model of PD. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced hemiparkinsonian rats were injected with either a virus for halorhodopsin expression that is used to inactivate GABAergic neurons or a control virus injection and received optic fiber insertion. All the rats were illuminated by 590 nm of light. Each rat was then subjected to sequential sessions of stepping tests under controlled illumination patterns. The stepping test is a reliable evaluation method for forelimb akinesia. The number of adjusting steps was significantly higher in experimental (optogene with reporter gene expression) (5Hz - 10ms: 15.7 ± 1.9, 5Hz - 100ms: 16.0 ± 1.8, continuous: 21.6 ± 1.9) than control rats (reporter gene expression) (5Hz-10ms: 1.9 ± 1.1, 5Hz-100ms: 2.6 ± 1.0, continuous: 2.5 ± 1.2) (p < 0.001). Continuous EP illumination showed a significantly higher improvement of forelimb akinesia than other illumination patterns (p < 0.01). Optogene expression in the GABAergic neurons of the EP was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Optogenetic inhibition of EP was effective to improve contralateral forelimb akinesia. However, further studies using prolonged illumination are needed to investigate the best illumination pattern for optogenetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ho Yoon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, 7, Keunjaebong-gil, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 445-907, Republic of Korea
| | - Joongkee Min
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Lee HJ, Sung JH, Hong JT, Kim IS, Yang SH, Cho CB. Change of Extracellular Glutamate Level in Striatum during Deep Brain Stimulation of the Entopeduncular Nucleus in Rats. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2019; 62:166-174. [PMID: 30840971 PMCID: PMC6411569 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2018.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Globus pallidus interna (GPi) is acknowledged as an essential treatment for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). Nonetheless, the neurotransmitter study about its results is undiscovered. The goal of this research was to examine influences of entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) stimulation, identical to human GPi, in no-lesioned (NL) rat and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HD)-lesioned rat on glutamate change in the striatum.
Methods Extracellular glutamate level changes in striatum of NL category, NL with deep brain stimulation (DBS) category, 6-HD category, and 6-HD with DBS category were examined using microdialysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivities in substantia nigra and striatum of the four categories were also analyzed.
Results Extracellular glutamate levels in the striatum of NL with DBS category and 6-HD with DBS category were significantly increased by EPN stimulation compared to those in the NL category and 6-HD category. EPN stimulation had no significant effect on the expression of TH in NL or 6-HD category.
Conclusion Clinical results of GPi DBS are not only limited to direct inhibitory outflow to thalamus. They also include extensive alteration within basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Sung
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Taek Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Sup Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Bum Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Lavian H, Loewenstern Y, Madar R, Almog M, Bar-Gad I, Okun E, Korngreen A. Dopamine receptors in the rat entopeduncular nucleus. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2673-84. [PMID: 29569008 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is critical for the normal functioning of the basal ganglia, modulating both input and output nuclei of this system. The distribution and function of each of the five dopamine receptor subtypes have been studied extensively in the striatum. However, the role of extrastriatal dopamine receptors in basal ganglia information processing is less clear. Here, we studied the anatomical distribution of dopamine receptors in one of the output nuclei of the rodent basal ganglia, the entopeduncular nucleus (EP). The presence of all dopamine receptor subtypes was verified in the EP using immunostaining. We detected co-localization of dopamine receptors with VGAT, which suggests presynaptic expression on GABAergic terminals. D1R and D2R were strongly colocalized with VGAT, whereas DR3-5 showed only sparse co-localization. We further labeled striatal or pallidal neurons with GFP and showed that only D1 receptors were co-localized with striatal terminals, while only D2R and D3R were co-localized with pallidal terminals. Dopamine receptors were also strongly co-localized with MAP2, indicating postsynaptic expression. Overall, these findings suggest that the dopaminergic system modulates activity in the EP both directly via postsynaptic receptors, and indirectly via GABAergic synapses stemming from the direct and indirect pathways.
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Kreiss DS, De Deurwaerdère P. Purposeless oral activity induced by meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP): Undefined tic-like behaviors? J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:30-36. [PMID: 28483714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiological hypothesis underlying tic disorders in Tourette syndrome (TS) is that basal ganglia are not capable of properly filtering cortical information, leading patients with difficulties in inhibiting unwanted behaviors or impulses. One of the main challenges for furthering such a hypothesis is to find appropriate animal models summarizing some aspects of the disease. METHODS It has been established for more than 25 years in rodents that the prototypical serotonin (5-HT) agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) elicits purposeless oral movements including chewing behavior. These bouts of oral movements, originally thought to mimic human oral dyskinesia consequent to long-term administration of antipsychotic drugs or parkinsonian tremor, could correspond to an undefined form of tics. Here, we describe the nature of the purposeless oral movements triggered by m-CPP and other agonists which could be associated with obsessive compulsive disorders. We report the pharmacology of this response with a focus on the 5-HT2C receptor subtype and the degree to which the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems are involved. The orofacial dyskinetic effects are related to the action of these compounds in associative/limbic territories of the basal ganglia, rather than sensorimotor ones, as expected from the human disease. CONCLUSION In spite of the low translational value of these oral movements, the neurobiological analysis of these oral movements could help to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of tics and compulsive disorders often cormorbid with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Kreiss
- Washington and Lee University, Dept. of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Lexington, VA, United States
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Saha S, Kumar S, Singh U, Singh O, Singru PS. Interaction between dopamine and neuropeptide Y in the telencephalon of the Indian major carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 220:78-87. [PMID: 24967949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In teleosts, while neuropeptide Y (NPY) has emerged as one of the potent regulators of GnRH-LH axis, entopeduncular nucleus (EN) in the ventral telencephalon serves as major site for NPY synthesis/storage. Neurons of the EN innervate preoptic area and pituitary, respond to gonadal steroids, undergo reproduction phase-related changes, and are believed to convey sex steroid-borne information to GnRH neurons. In spite of the importance of EN, the neural circuitry associated with the nucleus has not been defined. Aim of the present study is to examine the possibility of the dopaminergic regulation of EN. NPY-immunoreactive cells and fibers were extensively distributed in the forebrain and pituitary of Cirrhinus cirrhosus. NPY immunoreactivity was observed in the olfactory receptor neurons, ganglion cells of terminal nerve, and in neurons of area ventralis telencephali/pars lateralis, EN, nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP), and nucleus lateralis tuberis. NPY-fibers were observed in the dorsal telencephalon, tuberal area and pituitary. While the area ventralis telencephali/pars intermedialis (Vi) located just above the EN contained a distinct population of tyrosine hydroxylase neurons, their axons seem to innervate NPY neurons in EN. Superfused brain slices containing EN were treated with DA D1- and D2-like receptor agonists. NPY-immunoreactivity in the EN showed significant increase (P<0.001) following DA D1-like receptor agonist, SKF-38393 treatment, but DA D2-like receptor agonist, quinpirole was ineffective. DA may regulate NPY neurons in EN via D1-like receptors. DA-NPY interaction in the EN might be important in the central regulation of reproduction in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Saha
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Institute of Physics Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Institute of Physics Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
| | - Uday Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Institute of Physics Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
| | - Omprakash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Institute of Physics Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India
| | - Praful S Singru
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Institute of Physics Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, Odisha, India.
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Alam M, Angelov S, Stemmler M, von Wrangel C, Krauss JK, Schwabe K. Neuronal activity of the prefrontal cortex is reduced in rats selectively bred for deficient sensorimotor gating. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:174-84. [PMID: 25220677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rats selectively bred for deficient prepulse inhibition (PPI), an operant measure of sensorimotor gating in which a weak prepulse stimulus attenuates the response to a subsequent startling stimulus, may be used to study certain pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders with abnormalities in information processing, such as schizophrenia and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Little is known about neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAC), which are involved in the modulation of PPI. Here, we examined neuronal activity in these structures, and also in the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN), since lesions of this region alleviate the PPI deficit. Male rats with breeding-induced high and low expression of PPI (n=7, each) were anesthetized with urethane (1.4 mg/kg). Single-unit activity and local field potentials were recorded in the mPFC, the NAC and in the EPN. In the mPFC discharge rate, measures of irregularity and burst activity were significantly reduced in PPI low compared to PPI high rats (P<0.05), while analysis in the NAC showed approximately inverse behavior. In the EPN no difference between groups was found. Additionally, the oscillatory theta band activity (4-8 Hz) was enhanced and the beta band (13-30 Hz) and gamma band (30-100 Hz) activity was reduced in the NAC in PPI low rats. Reduced neuronal activity in the mPFC and enhanced activity in the NAC of PPI low rats, together with altered oscillatory behavior are clearly associated with reduced PPI. PPI low rats may thus be used to study the pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders accompanied by deficient sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesbah Alam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svilen Angelov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stemmler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christof von Wrangel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Angelov SD, Dietrich C, Krauss JK, Schwabe K. Effect of deep brain stimulation in rats selectively bred for reduced prepulse inhibition. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:595-602. [PMID: 24794286 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensorimotor gating, measured as prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reaction (ASR), is disturbed in certain neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the centromedian-parafascicular complex (CM-Pf), globus pallidus internus (in rats the entopeduncular nucleus - EPN), and the ventral striatum (in rats the nucleus accumbens - NAC) has been used for treatment in TS. OBJECTIVE We tested whether DBS of these regions would alleviate breeding-induced low PPI in rats. METHODS Rats with breeding-induced low and high PPI were bilaterally implanted with electrodes in the CM-Pf, the EPN, or the NAC. After two weeks, they were stimulated or sham stimulated for epochs of 6 days (in the EPN with a current of 20% below the individual threshold for stimulation-induced side effects, in the NAC or CM-Pf with 100 μA and 150 μA). On the 6th day the rats were tested for PPI of ASR. RESULTS Stimulation in the CM-Pf with 150 μA significantly alleviated PPI, while NAC stimulation was less effective. In PPI low rats electrode implantation in the EPN already improved PPI, while subsequent stimulation had no additional effect. Startle reaction of PPI low rats was not affected by stimulation of either region. CONCLUSION The CM-Pf and the EPN are important for the modulation of sensorimotor gating in rats with breeding-induced low PPI. These rats may therefore be useful to further investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of deficient sensorimotor gating and also mechanisms of action of DBS in these circumstances.
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