Rasoulinezhad E, Saboori B. Panel estimation for renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, CO
2 emissions, the composite trade intensity, and financial openness of the commonwealth of independent states.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018;
25:17354-17370. [PMID:
29654460 DOI:
10.1007/s11356-018-1827-3]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article investigates the long-run and causal linkages between economic growth, CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable (fossil fuels) energy consumption, the Composite Trade Intensity (CTI) as a proxy for trade openness, and the Chinn-Ito index as a proxy for financial openness for a panel of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) region including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan over the period of 1992-2015. It is the first time that CTI and the Chinn-Ito indexes are used in an economic-pollution model. Employing three panel unit root tests, panel cointegration estimation methods (DOLS and FMOLS), and two panel causality tests, the main empirical results provided evidence for the bidirectional long-run relationship between all the variables in all 12 sampled countries except for economic growth-renewable energy use linkage. The findings of causality tests indicated that there is a unidirectional short-run panel causality running from economic growth, financial openness, and trade openness to CO2 emissions and from fossil fuel energy consumption to renewable energy use.
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