IL1B Increases Intestinal Tight Junction Permeability by Up-regulation of MIR200C-3p, Which Degrades Occludin mRNA

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Defects in the epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier contribute to development of intestinal inflammation associated with diseases. Interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) increases intestinal permeability in mice. We investigated microRNAs that are regulated by IL1B and their effects on expression of TJ proteins and intestinal permeability.

METHODS

We used Targetscan to identify microRNAs that would bind the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of occludin mRNA; regions that interacted with microRNAs were predicted using the V-fold server and Assemble2, and 3-dimensional models were created using UCSF Chimera linked with Assemble2. Caco-2 cells were transfected with vectors that express microRNAs, analyzed by immunoblots and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and grown as monolayers; permeability in response to IL1B was assessed with the marker inulin. Male C57BL/6 mice were given intraperitoneal injections of IL1B and intestinal recycling perfusion was measured; some mice were given dextran sodium sulfate to induce colitis and/or gavage with an antagonist to MIR200C-3p (antagomiR-200C) or the nonspecific antagomiR (control). Intestinal tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology and real-time PCR; enterocytes were isolated by laser capture microdissection. We also analyzed colon tissues and organoids from patients with and without ulcerative colitis.

RESULTS

Incubation of Caco-2 monolayers with IL1B increased TJ permeability and reduced levels of occludin protein and mRNA without affecting the expression of other transmembrane TJ proteins. Targetscan identified MIR122, MIR200B-3p, and MIR200C-3p, as miRNAs that might bind to the occludin 3'UTR. MIR200C-3p was rapidly increased in Caco-2 cells incubated with IL1B; the antagomiR-200c prevented the IL1B-induced decrease in occludin mRNA and protein and reduced TJ permeability. Administration of IL1B to mice increased small intestinal TJ permeability, compared with mice given vehicle; enterocytes isolated from mice given IL1B had increased expression of MIR200C-3p and decreased levels of occludin messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein. Intestinal tissues from mice with colitis had increased levels of IL1B mRNA and MIR200C-3p and decreased levels of occludin mRNA; gavage of mice with antagomiR-200C reduced levels of MIR200C-3p and prevented the decrease in occludin mRNA and the increase in colonic permeability. Colon tissues and organoids from patients with ulcerative colitis had increased levels of IL1B mRNA and MIR200C-3p compared with healthy controls. Using 3-dimensional molecular modeling and mutational analyses, we identified the nucleotide bases in the occluding mRNA 3'UTR that interact with MIR200C-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

Intestine tissues from patients with ulcerative colitis and mice with colitis have increased levels of IL1B mRNA and MIR200C-3p, which reduces expression of occludin by enterocytes and thereby increases TJ permeability. Three-dimensional modeling of the interaction between MIR200C-3p and the occludin mRNA 3'UTR identified sites of interaction. The antagomiR-200C prevents the decrease in occludin in enterocytes and intestine tissues of mice with colitis, maintaining the TJ barrier.

P300 Acetyltransferase Mediates Stiffness-Induced Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells Into Tumor-Promoting Myofibroblasts

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to desmoplasia and stiffness of liver metastases by differentiating into matrix-producing myofibroblasts. We investigated whether stiffness due to the presence of tumors increases activation of HSCs into myofibroblasts and their tumor-promoting effects, as well as the role of E1A binding protein p300, a histone acetyltransferase that regulates transcription, in these processes.

METHODS

HSCs were isolated from liver tissues of patients, mice in which the p300 gene was flanked by 2 loxP sites (p300F/F mice), and p300+/+ mice (controls). The HSCs were placed on polyacrylamide gels with precisely defined stiffness, and their activation (differentiation into myofibroblasts) was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analyses for alpha-smooth muscle actin. In HSCs from mice, the p300 gene was disrupted by cre recombinase. In human HSCs, levels of p300 were knocked down with small hairpin RNAs or a mutant form of p300 that is not phosphorylated by AKT (p300S1834A) was overexpressed. Human HSCs were also cultured with inhibitors of p300 (C646), PI3K signaling to AKT (LY294002), or RHOA (C3 transferase) and effects on stiffness-induced activation were measured. RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to identify HSC genes that changed expression levels in response to stiffness. We measured effects of HSC-conditioned media on proliferation of HT29 colon cancer cells and growth of tumors following subcutaneous injection of these cells into mice. MC38 colon cancer cells were injected into portal veins of p300F/Fcre and control mice, and liver metastases were measured. p300F/Fcre and control mice were given intraperitoneal injections of CCl₄ to induce liver fibrosis. Liver tissues were collected and analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunoblot, and histology.

RESULTS

Substrate stiffness was sufficient to activate HSCs, leading to nuclear accumulation of p300. Disrupting p300 level or activity blocked stiffness-induced activation of HSCs. In HSCs, substrate stiffness activated AKT signaling via RHOA to induce phosphorylation of p300 at serine 1834; this caused p300 to translocate to the nucleus, where it up-regulated transcription of genes that increase activation of HSCs and metastasis, including CXCL12. MC38 cells, injected into portal veins, formed fewer metastases in livers of p300F/Fcre mice than control mice. Expression of p300 was increased in livers of mice following injection of CCl4; HSC activation and collagen deposition were reduced in livers of p300F/Fcre mice compared with control mice.

CONCLUSIONS

In studies of mice, we found liver stiffness to activate HSC differentiation into myofibroblasts, which required nuclear accumulation of p300. p300 increases HSC expression of genes that promote metastasis.

Epigenetic regulation of genes that modulate chronic stress-induced visceral pain in the peripheral nervous system

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Chronic stress alters the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increases gut motility, and increases the perception of visceral pain. We investigated whether epigenetic mechanisms regulate chronic stress-induced visceral pain in the peripheral nervous systems of rats.

METHODS

Male rats were subjected to 1 hour of water avoidance stress each day, or given daily subcutaneous injections of corticosterone, for 10 consecutive days. L4-L5 and L6-S2 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were collected and compared between stressed and control rats (placed for 1 hour each day in a tank without water). Levels of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1), DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), and EP300 were knocked down in DRG neurons in situ with small interfering RNAs. We measured DNA methylation and histone acetylation at genes encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), CNR1, and TRPV1. Visceral pain was measured in response to colorectal distention.

RESULTS

Chronic stress was associated with increased methylation of the Nr3c1 promoter and reduced expression of this gene in L6-S2, but not L4-L5, DRGs. Stress also was associated with up-regulation in DNMT1-associated methylation of the Cnr1 promoter and down-regulation of glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated expression of CNR1 in L6-S2, but not L4-L5, DRGs. Concurrently, chronic stress increased expression of the histone acetyltransferase EP300 and increased histone acetylation at the Trpv1 promoter and expression of the TRPV1 receptor in L6-S2 DRG neurons. Knockdown of DNMT1 and EP300 in L6-S2 DRG neurons of rats reduced DNA methylation and histone acetylation, respectively, and prevented chronic stress-induced increases in visceral pain.

CONCLUSIONS

Chronic stress increases DNA methylation and histone acetylation of genes that regulate visceral pain sensation in the peripheral nervous system of rats. Blocking epigenetic regulatory pathways in specific regions of the spinal cord might be developed to treat patients with chronic abdominal pain.