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Purokayastha S, Roberts M, Carrasco M. Do microsaccades vary with discriminability around the visual field? bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.11.575288. [PMID: 38260406 PMCID: PMC10802594 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Microsaccades-tiny fixational eye movements- improve discriminability in high acuity tasks in the foveola. To investigate whether they help compensate for low discriminability at perifovea, we examined MS characteristics relative to the adult visual performance field, which is characterized by two perceptual asymmetries: Horizontal-Vertical Anisotropy (better discrimination along the horizontal than vertical meridian), and Vertical Meridian Asymmetry (better discrimination along the lower- than upper-vertical meridian). We investigated whether and to what extent microsaccade directionality varies when stimuli are at isoeccentric locations along the cardinals under conditions of heterogeneous discriminability (Experiment 1) and homogeneous discriminability, equated by adjusting stimulus contrast (Experiment 2). Participants performed a two-alternative forced-choice orientation discrimination task. In both experiments, performance was better on trials without microsaccades between ready signal onset and stimulus offset than on trials with microsaccades. Across the trial sequence the microsaccade rate and directional pattern were similar across locations. Our results indicate that microsaccades were similar regardless of stimulus discriminability and target location, except during the response period-once the stimuli were no longer present and target location no longer uncertain-when microsaccades were biased toward the target location. Thus, this study reveals that microsaccades do not flexibly adapt as a function of varying discriminability in a basic visual task around the visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariel Roberts
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, USA
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2
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Stainer MJ, MacQuarrie AJ, O'Loughlin S, Bell A, Abussi N, Whitfield S, Cardell E. The time-course of visual scanning behaviour of paramedicine students upon arrival at a simulated emergency call. Australas Emerg Care 2023:S2588-994X(23)00079-9. [PMID: 37839907 DOI: 10.1016/j.auec.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited knowledge exists regarding how paramedics acquire an understanding of the scene they encounter upon arrival, despite their need to quickly gather information for effective clinical decision-making. This study examined visual scanning behaviour during the early stages of simulated emergency calls. METHODS Eye movements of 10 paramedicine students were recorded during simulated calls conducted in both a high-fidelity classroom setting and a full sensory immersion setting. RESULTS Students focused on similar areas in both settings, with most time spent looking at the patient rather than distractors such as room features or other people. Analysis of gaze behaviour across the first five minutes revealed a more nuanced pattern: attention initially gravitated towards distractors but decreased as students became familiar with their surroundings and focused on the task at hand. This pattern was consistent across both simulation settings, indicating that information-seeking strategies may be independent of scene complexity. CONCLUSIONS Expertise relies on the ability to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant information. Given the unpredictable nature of their work, paramedics must continuously adapt their understanding of a scene from the moment they enter it. Understanding how this skill develops may help identify expert strategies to inform training of novice paramedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Stainer
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Alex J MacQuarrie
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Sean O'Loughlin
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Emergency Australia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andy Bell
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Nick Abussi
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Steve Whitfield
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Cardell
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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3
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Sidhu SK, Allen HA, Keeble DRT. Eye movements are made to the centre of gravity of texture-defined targets. Vision Res 2023; 210:108264. [PMID: 37276684 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Saccadic localisation of targets of various properties has been extensively studied, but rarely for texture-defined figures. In this paper, three experiments that investigate the way information from a texture target is processed in order to provide a signal for eye movement control are presented. Participants made saccades to target regions embedded in a background structure, and the saccade landing position and latency were measured. The textures comprised line elements, with orientations of the lines configured to form the figure and ground. Various orientation profile configurations (Block, Blur, and Cornsweet), were used in order to measure the role of edge profiles in driving eye movements and producing salience. We found that in all cases the visual system is in fact able to effectively segregate a texture figure from the ground in order to accurately plan a saccade to the target-figure. While saccadic latency was the highest for the Blur profile, the mean saccadic landing position was mostly unaffected by the various profiles (Experiment 1). More specifically, we showed that saccades were directed to the centre-of-gravity of the target (Experiment 2). We also found that figures with information of orientation contrast at both the edge and centre of figure (i.e. Block) produced the highest level of saliency in attracting eye movements (Experiment 3). Overall, the results show that saccades are planned on the representation of the whole target shape rather than a local salient region based on orientation contrast cues, and that the various texture profiles were important only to the extent that they affected the time to programme a saccade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumetha K Sidhu
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading Malaysia, Iskandar Puteri, Malaysia; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK; School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia.
| | - Harriet A Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - David R T Keeble
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
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Kang M, Norman M, Becker A, Zhou W, Wang T, Xuan S, Glass A. Response assignment influences visual recognition. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:1179-1198. [PMID: 37036655 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether two different neural systems influenced performance in an immediate visual recognition, i.e. visual same/different task. An observer had to respond rapidly whether a test consonant had just appeared in the study string by pressing one of two response keys, labeled same and different. When the same response was assigned to the response key on the right, there was no effect of study-string position on target response time (RT), indicating that the test item was not compared with the study string. When the different response was assigned to the response key on the right, same RT was an increasing function of the left-to-right position of a target in the study string and different RT was slower than same RT, indicating that during test the study string was compared with the test item. Functional magnetic resonance imaging confirmed that the caudate and left hippocampus were more active when the different response was assigned to the right key but the right hippocampus was more active when the same response was assigned to the right key. Therefore, two different computational processes are performed by two different brain systems depending on whether the same or different response is assigned to the right response key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Kang
- Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Madison Norman
- Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Alexa Becker
- Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Wenzhe Zhou
- Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Tingtao Wang
- Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Siyuan Xuan
- Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Arnold Glass
- Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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5
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Li AY, Sprague TC. Awareness of the relative quality of spatial working memory representations. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023. [PMID: 36720782 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is the ability to maintain and manipulate information no longer accessible in the environment. The brain maintains WM representations over delay periods in noisy population-level activation patterns, resulting in variability in WM representations across items and trials. It is established that participants can introspect aspects of the quality of WM representations, and that they can accurately compare which of several WM representations of stimulus features like orientation or color is better on each trial. However, whether this ability to evaluate and compare the quality of multiple WM representations extends to spatial WM tasks remains unknown. Here, we employed a memory-guided saccade task to test recall errors for remembered spatial locations when participants were allowed to choose the most precise representation to report. Participants remembered either one or two spatial locations over a delay and reported one item's location with a saccade. On trials with two spatial locations, participants reported either the spatial location of a randomly cued item, or the location of the stimulus they remembered best. We found a significant improvement in recall error and increase in response time (RT) when participants reported their best-remembered item compared with trials in which they were randomly cued. These results demonstrate that participants can accurately introspect the relative quality of neural WM representations for spatial position, consistent with previous observations for other stimulus features, and support a model of WM coding involving noisy representations across items and trials.
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Arjun S, Kothari B, Shah NK, Biswas P. Do weak readers in rural India automatically read same language subtitles on Bollywood films? An eye gaze analysis. J Eye Mov Res 2022; 15:10.16910/jemr.15.5.4. [PMID: 37908312 PMCID: PMC10615567 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Same Language Subtitling (SLS) of audio-visual content on mainstream TV entertainment to improve mass reading literacy was first conceived and piloted in India. SLS is now being scaled up nationally to ensure that the reading skills of one billion TV viewers, including 600 million weak readers, remain on a lifelong pathway to practice, progress, and proficiency. Will weak readers ignore or try to read along with SLS? Our eye-tracking study investigates this question with 136 weak readers drawn from a remote village in Rajasthan state by showing them popular Hindi film clips of dialog and songs, with and without SLS. We developed an interactive web-based visual analytics tool for exploring eye-tracking data. Based on an analysis of fixations, saccades, and time spent in the subtitle and non-subtitle areas, our main finding is that 70 percent of weak readers engaged in unprompted reading while watching film clips with SLS. We observed that saccadic eye movement is a good indicator to quantify the amount of reading with SLS, and saccadic regression can further differentiate weak readers. Eye-tracking studies of weak readers watching subtitles are rare, and ours may be the first with subjects from rural India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brij Kothari
- Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India
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Luke SG, Jensen T. EXPRESS: The Effect of Sudden-Onset Distractors on Reading Efficiency and Comprehension. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1195-1206. [PMID: 35670738 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221108355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Reading is an essential skill that requires focused attention. However, much reading is done in non-optimal environments. These days, much reading is done on digital devices or with a digital device nearby. These devices often introduce momentary distractions during reading, interrupting with alerts, notifications, and pop-ups. In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated how such momentary distractions impact reading. Participants read paragraphs while their eye movements were monitored. During half of the paragraphs, distractions appeared periodically on the screen that required a response from the participants. In experiment 1, the distractions were arrows that the participant had to respond to and then could immediately forget. In experiment 2, the participants performed a 1-back task that required them to remember the identity of the last distractor. Compared to the no-distraction condition, the respond-and-forget distractors of experiment 1 had minimal impact on reading behavior and comprehension, but the working-memory-load distractors of experiment 2 led to increased re-reading and decreased reading comprehension. It seems a simple pop-up does not disrupt reading, but a message you must remember will.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Luke
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Alzuhaily H, Khashaneh E, Albkhetan S, Abbas F. An unusual occurrence of opsoclonus and liver enzymes elevation in a patient with acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy subtype of Guillain-Barré syndrome. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:102. [PMID: 35303829 PMCID: PMC8932169 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) is a subtype of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) differentiated by nerve conduction studies (NCS) and characterized by symmetric ascending paralysis often involving respiratory muscles. While opsoclonus, which is involuntary chaotic rapid eye movements, is not a common manifestation of GBS. Moreover, little published data are available on the relation between liver enzymes elevation and GBS. Case presentation A 42-year-old man presented to Al Mouwassat University Hospital with weakness in all limbs and dyspnea. Examination showed an elevated respiratory rate, hyporeflexia, and decreased strength of upper and lower limbs. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed an albuminocyto-dissociation suggesting the diagnosis of GBS and subsequent plasmapheresis. NCS confirmed a diagnosis of AMSAN. Elevation in liver enzymes was noticed prompting further exploration with no positive findings. Despite treatment efforts, the patient developed severe dyspnea, deterioration in cognitive abilities, and opsoclonus with a normal brain MRI. Unfortunately, he developed respiratory failure which lead to his death. Conclusion In this case, we highlight the occurrence of opsoclonus which is a rarely-encountered manifestation of GBS, in addition to an unexplained elevated liver enzyme, the thing that could contribute to larger research to further comprehend the pathophysiology of GBS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-022-02599-0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman Khashaneh
- Department of Neurology, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | | | - Fatima Abbas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
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9
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Abstract
Fatigue is a major complaint in MS. Up to now no objective assessment tools have been established which hampers any treatment approach. Previous work has indicated an association of fatigue with cognitive measures of attention. Oculomotor tests have been established in healthy individuals as a read-out of fatigue, and to some extent in MS patients. Based on these observations we compared two groups of MS patients, one with fatigue (n=28) and one without fatigue (n=21) and a group of healthy subjects (n=15) with a standardised computerised measure of alertness and an oculomotor stress test. Patients with fatigue showed highly significant changes of their saccade dynamics as defined by the Main Sequence and Phase Plane plots: They showed slowing of saccades, the characteristical fatigue double peak, and an asymmetrical phase plane. Oculomotor tests differentiated significantly between fatigue and fatigabiliy in our MS patients. They also showed significantly worse performance in the alertness test as well as in the oculomotor task. Significantly slower reaction times were observed for tonic alertness in 2 series without a cue (p=.025 and p=.037) but not in phasic alertness with a cue (p=.24 and p=.34). Performance was influenced by disability as well as by affective state. We conclude, when controlling for disability and depression, saccadic stress tests and alertness tests could be used as an objective read-out for fatigability and fatigue in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dorit Röhr
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Stefan M Gold
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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10
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Senathirajah Y, Borycki EM, Kushniruk A, Cato K, Wang J. Use of Eye-Tracking in Studies of EHR Usability - The Current State: A Scoping Review. Stud Health Technol Inform 2019; 264:1976-1977. [PMID: 31438436 DOI: 10.3233/shti190742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Eye-tracking has long been used to assess usability for the public web. Recently, it is used to assess user behavior with electronic health records (EHRs). We conducted a scoping review of studies involving eye-tracking for usability of EHRs to determine the current state. Three main themes emerged: studies of usual use of systems, development of new methods, and studies of new features. Detailed user behaviors revealed by eye-tracking can contribute valuable information to redesign efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalini Senathirajah
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Borycki
- University of Victoria, Health Information Science, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andre Kushniruk
- University of Victoria, Health Information Science, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kenrick Cato
- Nursing Scholarship and Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Kremer L, Sen S, Breil B. Relating Factors for Acceptance of Health Care Technology: Focus on Mental Workload. Stud Health Technol Inform 2019; 264:1953-1954. [PMID: 31438424 DOI: 10.3233/shti190730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Medical information systems and care robots are two typical examples of human computer interaction in health care. Although used in a stressful environment, effects on mental workload and acceptance are hardly evaluated. We conducted an experimental design including collaborative robotics and eye tracking in a nursing situation to test the practicability and plausibility of eye tracking as a measuring method for workload. Results showed that eye tracking is feasible if context factors are adjusted. Data reduction and classification of tasks are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Kremer
- Faculty of Health Care, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Sumona Sen
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Bernhard Breil
- Faculty of Health Care, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Krefeld, Germany
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He W, Bryns S, Kroeker K, Basu A, Birch D, Zheng B. Eye gaze of endoscopists during simulated colonoscopy. J Robot Surg 2019; 14:137-143. [PMID: 30929136 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-019-00950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regaining orientation during an endoscopic procedure is critical. We investigated how endoscopists maintain orientation based on video and eye gaze analysis. Novices and experts performed a simulated colonoscopy procedure. Task performance was assessed by completion time, total distance traveled, maximum depth of insertion, percentage of mucosa viewed, and air insufflation volume. Procedure videos were analyzed by transfers among three viewing areas: center of bowel lumen, edge of bowel lumen, and other structure without bowel lumen in sight. Performers' gaze features were also examined over these viewing areas. Experts required less time to complete the procedure (P < 0.001). Novices' scope traveled a greater distance (P < 0.001) and more scope was inserted compared to an expert (P < 0.001). Novices also insufflated more air than experts (P < 0.001). Experts maintained the view of bowel lumen in the middle of the screen, while novices often left it on the edge (P = 0.032). When disorientation happened, novices brought the view to the edge more frequently than the center. However, experts were able to bring it back to the center directly. Eye tracking showed that the rate of saccades in experts increased when the bowel lumen moved away from the central view, such a behavior was not observed in novices. Maintaining a centered view of the bowel lumen is a strategy used by expert endoscopists. Video and eye tracking analysis revealed a key difference in eye gaze behavior when regaining orientation between novice and experienced endoscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing He
- Surgical Simulation Research Lab, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 162 Heritage Medical Research Centre, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Simon Bryns
- Surgical Simulation Research Lab, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 162 Heritage Medical Research Centre, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Karen Kroeker
- 2-40 Zeidler Ledcor Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anup Basu
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Birch
- Department of Surgery, Centre for the Advancement of Minimally Invasive Surgery (CAMIS), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bin Zheng
- Surgical Simulation Research Lab, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 162 Heritage Medical Research Centre, 8440 112 St. NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Paeye C, Collins T, Cavanagh P, Herwig A. Calibration of peripheral perception of shape with and without saccadic eye movements. Atten Percept Psychophys 2018; 80:723-37. [PMID: 29327331 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cortical representations of a visual object differ radically across saccades. Several studies claim that the visual system adapts the peripheral percept to better match the subsequent foveal view. Recently, Herwig, Weiß, and Schneider (2015, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1339(1), 97-105) found that the perception of shape demonstrates a saccade-dependent learning effect. Here, we ask whether this learning actually requires saccades. We replicated Herwig et al.'s (2015) study and introduced a fixation condition. In a learning phase, participants were exposed to objects whose shape systematically changed during a saccade, or during a displacement from peripheral to foveal vision (without a saccade). In a subsequent test, objects were perceived as less (more) curved if they previously changed from more circular (triangular) in the periphery to more triangular (circular) in the fovea. Importantly, this pattern was seen both with and without saccades. We then tested whether a variable delay between the presentations of the peripheral and foveal objects would affect their association-hypothetically weakening it at longer delays. Again, we found that shape judgments depended on the changes experienced during the learning phase and that they were similar in both the saccade and fixation conditions. Surprisingly, they were not affected by the delay between the peripheral and foveal presentations over the range we tested. These results suggest that a general associative process, independent of saccade execution, contributes to the perception of shape across viewpoints.
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Verghese A, Mattingley JB, Palmer PE, Dux PE. From eyes to hands: Transfer of learning in the Simon task across motor effectors. Atten Percept Psychophys 2018; 80:193-210. [PMID: 29043656 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of irrelevant and conflicting information and responses is crucial for goal-directed behaviour and adaptive functioning. In the Simon task, for example, responses are slowed if their mappings are spatially incongruent with stimuli that must be discriminated on a nonspatial dimension. Previous work has shown that practice with incongruent spatial mappings can reduce or even reverse the Simon effect. We asked whether such practice transfers between the manual and oculomotor systems and if so to what extent this occurs across a range of behavioural tasks. In two experiments, one cohort of participants underwent anti-saccade training, during which they repeatedly inhibited the reflexive impulse to look toward a briefly presented target. Additionally, two active-control training groups were included, in which participants either trained on Pro-saccade or Fixation training regimens. In Experiment 1, we probed whether the Simon effect and another inhibitory paradigm, the Stroop task, showed differential effects after training. In Experiment 2, we included a larger battery of inhibitory tasks (Simon, Stroop, flanker and stop-signal) and noninhibitory control measures (multitasking and visual search) to assess the limits of transfer. All three training regimens led to behavioural improvements in the trained-upon task, but only the anti-saccade training group displayed benefits that transferred to the manual response modality. This transfer of training benefit replicated across the two experiments but was restricted to the Simon effect. Evidence for transfer of inhibition training across motor systems offers important insights into the nature of stimulus-response representations and their malleability.
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Santos BLD, Simão GN, Pontes-Neto OM. Neurological picture. Conjugate upward gaze paralysis with unilateral ptosis caused by a unilateral midbrain infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:114-5. [PMID: 23853137 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lopes dos Santos
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior Sciences, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, , Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Participants were asked to search for a complete O in an array consisting of eight clusters of four Landolt Cs (i.e., Os with a gap) arranged in a ring. The size of the gap in the Cs varied from cluster to cluster but was held constant within a cluster. The manual response time data were consistent with a serial self-terminating search. More importantly, eye movement data supported a serial processing model as (a) clusters were fixated serially (either clockwise or counterclockwise) on most trials and (b) fixation times on a cluster reflected processing time on that cluster and were unaffected by the gap size of either the prior or succeeding cluster. Furthermore, the pattern of fixation times on a cluster was similar to the pattern of response times in a secondary task where a single cluster was presented at fixation. These data extend the findings of Williams and Pollatsek (2007) in which search was through a linear sequence of clusters, and indicate that a serial search pattern through clusters of these kinds of objects is not confined to reading-like linear arrays.
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Kwon HG, Kim MS, Kim SH, Jang SH. Neurological picture. Injury of the oculomotor nerve in a patient with traumatic brain injury: diffusion tensor tractography study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:1073-4. [PMID: 23644532 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok Gyu Kwon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Ashrafi MR, Mohammadi M, Alizadeh H, Nikkhah A. Pelizaeus-merzbacher disease: the first genetically approved case report from iran. Iran J Pediatr 2011; 21:395-8. [PMID: 23056820 PMCID: PMC3446186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease is a rare x-linked disorder of proteolipid protein expression first described clinically in 1885. This disease is characterized by abnormal eye movements, very slow motor development and involuntary movements. The causative gene is PLP1. CASE PRESENTATION A 1-year-old boy was referred to our clinic due to abnormal eye movements. He had horizontal and flickering eye oscillation, psychomotor retardation, hypotonia and head nodding. We found hypomyelination in brain MRI. CONCLUSION The possibility of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease should be considered in boys with abnormal eye movements, psychomotor retardation and hypotonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud-Reza Ashrafi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mohammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Alizadeh
- Department Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nikkhah
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Address: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, No 62, Dr Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran. E-mail:
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