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Shrestha A, Ghimire S, Kinney J, Mehta R, Mistry SK, Saito S, Rayamajhee B, Sharma D, Mehta S, Yadav UN. The role of family support in the self-rated health of older adults in eastern Nepal: findings from a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:20. [PMID: 38178009 PMCID: PMC10768249 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nepal's low fertility rate and increasing life expectancy have resulted in a burgeoning older population. For millennia, filial piety shaped family cohesion and helped Nepali older adults achieve positive outcomes, but recently, it has been eroding. Furthermore, there are not enough institutional support options or alternatives to family-based care to deal with the biosocial needs of older adults. This study explored the association between family support and self-rated health among Nepali older adults. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey in eastern Nepal's two districts, Sunsari and Morang, interviewed 847 older adults (≥ 60 years). The final analytical sample was 844. Participants were asked whether they received assistance with various aspects of daily life and activities of daily living from their families. Multivariable logistic regression examined the association between family support and self-rated health. RESULTS Participants who received support with various aspects of daily life had 43% higher odds of good health, but after adjusting for control variables, the result only approached statistical significance (p = 0.087). Those who received family assistance with activities of daily living had nearly four times higher odds (OR: 3.93; 95% CI: 2.58 - 5.98) of reporting good health than participants who lacked this support. CONCLUSIONS Given the important role of family support in Nepali older adults' health, government programs and policies should create a conducive environment to foster family-based care until more comprehensive policies for older adults' care can be put into effect. The results of this study can also help shape the global aging environment by highlighting the need for family support in older care, particularly in low-income nations with declining traditional care systems and weak social security policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Shrestha
- Department of Sociology & Gerontology and Scripps Gerontology Center, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Saruna Ghimire
- Department of Sociology & Gerontology and Scripps Gerontology Center, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Kinney
- Department of Sociology & Gerontology and Scripps Gerontology Center, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Ranju Mehta
- Little Buddha College of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Sabuj Kanti Mistry
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shoko Saito
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Binod Rayamajhee
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deepak Sharma
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Suresh Mehta
- Koshi Province Ministry of Health, Biratnagar, Koshi, Nepal
| | - Uday Narayan Yadav
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Ayaya S, DeLong A, Embleton L, Ayuku D, Sang E, Hogan J, Kamanda A, Atwoli L, Makori D, Ott MA, Ombok C, Braitstein P. Prevalence, incidence and chronicity of child abuse among orphaned, separated, and street-connected children and adolescents in western Kenya: What is the impact of care environment? Child Abuse Negl 2023; 139:104920. [PMID: 33485648 PMCID: PMC8289926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of different types of care environment on orphaned and separated children and adolescents' (OSCA) experiences of abuse in sub-Saharan Africa is uncertain. OBJECTIVE Our two primary objectives were 1) to compare recent child abuse (physical, emotional, and sexual) between OSCA living in institutional environments and those in family-based care; and 2) to understand how recent child abuse among street-connected children and youth compared to these other vulnerable youth populations. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This project followed a cohort of OSCA in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya (2009-2019). This analysis includes 2393 participants aged 18 years and below, 1017 from institutional environments, 1227 from family-based care, and 95 street-connected participants. METHODS The primary outcome of interest was recent abuse. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of recent abuse at baseline, follow-up, and chronically for each abuse domain and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) between care environments, controlling for multiple factors. RESULTS In total, 47 % of OSCA reported ever experiencing any kind of recent abuse at baseline and 54 % in follow-up. Compared to those in family-based care, street-connected participants had a much higher reported prevalence of all types of recent abuse at baseline (AOR: 5.01, 95 % CI: 2.89, 9.35), in follow-up (AOR: 5.22, 95 % CI: 2.41, 13.98), and over time (AOR: 3.44, 95 % CI: 1.93, 6.45). OSCA in institutional care were no more likely than those in family-based care of reporting any recent abuse at baseline (AOR: 0.85 95 % CI: 0.59-1.17) or incident abuse at follow-up (AOR: 0.91, 95 % CI: 0.61-1.47). CONCLUSION OSCA, irrespective of care environment, reported high levels of recent physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Street-connected participants had the highest prevalence of all kinds of abuse. OSCA living in institutional care did not experience more child abuse than those living in family-based care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ayaya
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Allison DeLong
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lonnie Embleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Ayuku
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Edwin Sang
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Joseph Hogan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Aga Khan University Medical College, East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dominic Makori
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Mary A Ott
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Caroline Ombok
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Paula Braitstein
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya.
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Sharma N, Cary M, Khoury NM, Afzal KI, Shaligram D, Hoq R, Belfort EL, Sargent J. Dialog Across Cultures: Therapy for Diverse Families. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2022; 31:603-614. [PMID: 36182213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Child and adolescent psychiatrists (CAPs) work at the intersections of families, cultures, and systems, which affect engagement in care, assessment, and treatment planning. There are several practical strategies that CAPs can apply to practice cultural humility, to join with families, to facilitate difficult conversations and to work through misalignment. Culturally inclusive family-based care can promote greater understanding and lead to stronger outcomes with families as well as help mitigate mental health impact of structural racism and social inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street #1007, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Margaret Cary
- Oregon Health Authority and Yellowhawk Tribal Health Center, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla, 800 Northeast Oregon Street, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Nayla M Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 713 Harrison Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Khalid I Afzal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 3077, Chicago, IL 60457, USA
| | - Deepika Shaligram
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rakin Hoq
- NYU School of Medicine, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, 1 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erin L Belfort
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Maine Medical Center, 66 Bramhall Street, Portland, ME 04102, USA
| | - John Sargent
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street #1007, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Sharma N, Hooberman A. Parenting and Family-Based Care. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2022; 31:313-326. [PMID: 35361367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Children rely heavily on their parents for guidance and support throughout development. When parental support is hindered by racial discrimination, poverty, trauma, and acculturative family distancing, barriers to a child's success are cultivated. It is imperative that providers of children and families address racial and cultural concerns in a humble, curious manner. Cultural adaptations to family-based care can lead to stronger outcomes with families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street Box 1007, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Alexa Hooberman
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Newton GW. Thoughts on public policy to increase family-based care and decrease institutional care. Child Abuse Negl 2017; 70:399-401. [PMID: 28579075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many countries are in the earliest stage of reforming the care sector. Reformers face challenges as they develop public policy to expand family based care and shrink institutional care. To mention a few: installing the keystone component of care reform - a system to monitor and support children post-institutionalization; enabling children to grow up where they belong, in families; meeting children's basic needs where they should live, in their own communities; meeting children's basic needs where many actually live, in institutions; strengthening the social service workforce; and elevating the political priority of poor and vulnerable children through evidence-based advocacy. Care reform must be sold in the political marketplace. Evidence-based, tactical advocacy is key to reforming care policy and winning the public resources needed to gear-up programs for the care, protection and development of vulnerable children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Newton
- Global Human Development Program, School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, United States.
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Embleton L, Nyandat J, Ayuku D, Sang E, Kamanda A, Ayaya S, Nyandiko W, Gisore P, Vreeman R, Atwoli L, Galarraga O, Ott MA, Braitstein P. Sexual Behavior Among Orphaned Adolescents in Western Kenya: A Comparison of Institutional- and Family-Based Care Settings. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:417-424. [PMID: 28110864 PMCID: PMC5389113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to assess whether risky sexual behaviors and sexual exploitation of orphaned adolescents differed between family-based and institutional care environments in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. METHODS We analyzed baseline data from a cohort of orphaned adolescents aged 10-18 years living in 300 randomly selected households and 19 charitable children's institutions. The primary outcomes were having ever had consensual sex, number of sex partners, transactional sex, and forced sex. Multivariate logistic regression compared these between participants in institutional care and family-based care while adjusting for age, sex, orphan status, importance of religion, caregiver support and supervision, school attendance, and alcohol and drug use. RESULTS This analysis included 1,365 participants aged ≥10 years: 712 (52%) living in institutional environments and 653 (48%) in family-based care. Participants in institutional care were significantly less likely to report engaging in transactional sex (adjusted odds ratio, .46; 95% confidence interval, .3-.72) or to have experienced forced sex (adjusted odds ratio, .57; 95% confidence interval, .38-.88) when controlling for age, sex, and orphan status. These associations remained when adjusting for additional variables. CONCLUSIONS Orphaned adolescents living in family-based care in Uasin Gishu, Kenya, may be at increased risk of transactional sex and sexual violence compared to those in institutional care. Institutional care may reduce vulnerabilities through the provision of basic material needs and adequate standards of living that influence adolescents' sexual risk-taking behaviors. The use of single items to assess outcomes and nonexplicit definition of sex suggest the findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie Embleton
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Canada
| | | | - David Ayuku
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Edwin Sang
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Samuel Ayaya
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya,Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Winstone Nyandiko
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya,Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Peter Gisore
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Rachel Vreeman
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya,Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA,Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health, Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Omar Galarraga
- Department of Health Policy, Services, and Practice, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mary A. Ott
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paula Braitstein
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Regenstrief Institute, Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Abstract
While kinship used to be considered a backbone of the creation of mutual obligations for care in pre-industrial societies, economic and social change has altered how care is provided. Notwithstanding changing kinship obligations, relatives continue to provide much of the care for those in need. In this article, I consider the active production of relationships among siblings through individual biographies, to understand how mutual obligations are created and affect the care provided to HIV-positive persons. I draw on two phases of ethnographic research conducted in Zambia, in Southern Province and Lusaka, between 2002 and 2011. Findings revealed that siblings are normally considered an important source of support, but their willingness and capacity to provide support may be limited by resource constraints and biographical experiences. Helping or not is at the conjunction of kinship-based obligations and a sense of connectedness, deriving from the history of growing up together, often in the context of disrupted families. The experiences of siblings in their past reach beyond individual histories. Structural factors jeopardise the support between and within generations, and must be addressed while promoting social protection programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Merten
- a Department of Epidemiology, Gender, Society and Health Unit , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel , Switzerland
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