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Salim MZ, Ramdhan D, Daly K. Centrality measures of financial system interconnectedness: A multiple crises study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15427. [PMID: 37151680 PMCID: PMC10161585 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore how asset returns could be a good proxy to detect interlinkages in the financial system. This paper employs a US dataset for the 2002-2021 period. Pairwise returns correlation indicate the interconnectedness at the preliminary stage. The Principal Component Analysis captures a significant portion of variance and detects the co-movement and highly connected state of the financial market during crises. Granger centrality tested with pairwise directional variance decomposition indicates the importance of banks and insurance companies in the US financial system. This paper recommends policymakers use multiple network models to validate and calibrate the SIFIs list.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zulkifli Salim
- School of Business, Western Sydney University, Australia
- Department of Banking Research and Regulation, Financial Services Authority, Indonesia
| | - Dadang Ramdhan
- School of Communication and Business, Telkom University, Indonesia
- Deputy for Development Policy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
- Corresponding author. School of Communication and Business, Telkom University, Indonesia.
| | - Kevin Daly
- School of Business, Western Sydney University, Australia
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McKeever D. Microprudential bank capital regulation in a complex system. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14118. [PMID: 36923878 PMCID: PMC10008987 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper analyzes the efficacy of microprudential (bank-level) capital requirements in mitigating failure cascades in a network of interconnected banks. In simulation exercises, microprudential capital requirements redistribute the troubled assets of undercapitalized banks more broadly within the network, reducing the immediate likelihood of individual bank failures but increasing the likelihood of large failure cascades. This effect is strongest for simulation parameters that mimic economic downturns. If banks increase leverage in response to weaker capital requirements, failure cascades increase only minimally. These results suggest that current microprudential capital requirements might be counterproductive to the goal of mitigating bank failure cascades.
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Jalles JT. Financial Crises and Climate Change. Comp Econ Stud 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37359137 PMCID: PMC9959953 DOI: 10.1057/s41294-023-00209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a big challenge of our time. While there is a bourgeoning literature on the economic impact of climate change, research on how financial crises affect climate change is limited. We empirically use the local projection method to empirically study the impact of past financial crises on climate change vulnerability and resilience indices. Using a dataset covering 178 countries over the period 1995-2019, we observe that resilience to climate change shocks has been increasing and that advanced economies are the least vulnerable. Our econometric results suggest that financial crises (particularly systematic banking ones) tend to lead to a short-run deterioration in a country's resilience to climate change. This effect is more pronounced in developing economies. In downturns, if an economy is hit by a financial crisis, vulnerability to climate change increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Tovar Jalles
- Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão (ISEG), Universidade de Lisboa, Rua do Quelhas 6, 1200-781 Lisboa, Portugal
- Research in Economics and Mathematics (REM) and Research Unit on Complexity and Economics (UECE), ISEG, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Miguel Lupi 20, 1249-078 Lisbon, Portugal
- Economics for Policy, Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Holanda 1, 2775-405 Carcavelos, Portugal
- IPAG Business School, 184 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France
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Kangogo M, Dungey M, Volkov V. Changing vulnerability in Asia: contagion and spillovers. Empir Econ 2023; 64:2315-2355. [PMID: 36373092 PMCID: PMC9638451 DOI: 10.1007/s00181-022-02322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An increasing involvement of the Asian market in the global context plays a fundamental role in spreading shocks across the financial system. This paper examines the extent of vulnerability across Asian equity markets and the United States (US) equity market by distinguishing between spillovers and contagion. Spillovers are detected using a generalised historical decomposition method, while contagion is identified using a portfolio mimicking factor framework using moment conditions. The transmission of spillovers is assessed to capture the direction, strength and signs of the spillovers. The findings show evidence of changing vulnerability in Asia and the US. This is as a result of increased spillovers during crisis events and the presence of contagion. Stronger connections during crisis periods are evident as well as a general deepening of the global network. These connections may result in reduced opportunities for emerging markets. The findings suggest that caution is needed when developing regulations or methods to create a stable financial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Kangogo
- Tasmanian School of Business and Economics, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 84, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Mardi Dungey
- Tasmanian School of Business and Economics, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 84, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Vladimir Volkov
- Tasmanian School of Business and Economics, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 84, Hobart, TAS 7001 Australia
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Patra S, Hiremath GS. An Entropy Approach to Measure the Dynamic Stock Market Efficiency. J Quant Econ 2022; 20:337-377. [PMID: 35542760 PMCID: PMC9073522 DOI: 10.1007/s40953-022-00295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We measure stock market efficiency by drawing the comprehensive sample from Asia, Europe, Africa, North-South America, and Pacific Ocean regions and rank the cross-regional stock markets according to their level of informational efficiency. The study period spans from January 1, 1994, to August 3, 2017. We employ the approximate entropy approach and find that stock market efficiency evolves over the period. The degree and nature of evolution vary across regions and the development stage of the markets. The global, regional, domestic economic, and non-economic factors influence the adaptive nature of the stock markets. The emerging stock markets have improved efficiency by financial liberalization policy but are adversely affected by global shocks. The estimates validate the relevance of the adaptive market framework to describe the rejection of random walk without excess returns. The results suggest the growing presence of technical analysis and active portfolio managers. The emerging markets in Asia hold policy lessons for their peers. The findings suggest that global investors need to overcome the homogeneity bias as returns opportunities exist within the region and types of markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamitra Patra
- VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Gourishankar S. Hiremath
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Bordo MD, Duca JV. How new Fed corporate bond programs cushioned the Covid-19 recession. J Bank Financ 2022; 136:106413. [PMID: 35079196 PMCID: PMC8776343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the financial crisis and recession induced by the Covid-19 pandemic, many investment-grade firms became unable to borrow from securities markets. In response, the Fed not only reopened its commercial paper funding facility but also announced it would purchase newly issued and seasoned corporate bonds rated as investment grade before the Covid pandemic. We assess the effectiveness of this program using long sample periods, spanning the Great Depression through the Great and Covid Recessions. Findings indicate that the announcement of corporate bond backstop facilities helped stop risk premia from rising further than they had by late-March 2020. In doing so, these backstop facilities limited the role of external finance premia in amplifying the macroeconomic impact of the Covid pandemic. Nevertheless, the corporate bond programs blend the roles of the Federal Reserve in conducting monetary policy via its balance sheet, acting as a lender of last resort, and pursuing credit policies.
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Key Words
- CCF, Corporate Credit Facilities
- CFMA, Commodity Futures Modernization Act
- Corporate bond facility
- Corporate bonds
- Credit easing
- ETF, Exchange Traded Fund
- FG, Forward Guidance
- FRBUS, Federal Reserve Board model of the U.S. economy
- Federal Reserve
- Financial crises
- GFC, Global Financial Crisis
- Lender of last resort
- PMCCF, Primary Market Corporate Credit Facility
- QE, Quantitative Easing
- SMCCF, Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility
- TALF, Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bordo
- Rutgers University, National Bureau of Economic Research, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - John V Duca
- Oberlin College, Deptartment of Economics, 223 Rice Hall, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
- Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, P.O. Box 655906, Dallas, TX 75265, USA
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Antonarakis AS, Pacca L, Antoniades A. The effect of financial crises on deforestation: a global and regional panel data analysis. Sustain Sci 2022; 17:1037-1057. [PMID: 35126763 PMCID: PMC8800395 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-021-01086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Managing our transition to sustainability requires a solid understanding of how conditions of financial crisis affect our natural environment. Yet, there has been little focus on the nature of the relationship between financial crises and environmental sustainability, especially in relation to forests and deforestation. This study addressed this gap by providing novel evidence on the impact of financial crises on deforestation. A panel data approach is used looking at Global Forest Watch deforestation data from > 150 countries in > 100 crises in the twenty-first century. This includes an analysis of crises effects on principle drivers of deforestation; timber and agricultural commodities-palm oil, soybean, coffee, cattle, and cocoa. At a global level, financial crises are associated with a reduction in deforestation rates (- 36 p.p) and deforestation drivers; roundwood (- 6.7 p.p.), cattle (- 2.3 p.p.) and cocoa production (- 8.3 p.p.). Regionally, deforestation rates in Asia, Africa, and Europe decreased by - 83, - 43, and 22 p.p, respectively. Drivers behind these effects may be different, from palm oil (- 1.3 p.p.) and cocoa (- 10.5 p.p.) reductions in Africa, to a combination of timber (- 9.5 p.p) and palm oil in Asia. Moreover, financial crises have a larger effect on deforestation in low-income, than upper middle- and high-income countries (- 51 vs - 39 and - 18 p.p. respectively). Using another main dataset on yearly forest cover-the ESA-Climate Change Initiative-a picture arises showing financial crises leading to small global decreases in forest cover (- 0.1 p.p.) with a small agricultural cover increase (0.1 p.p). Our findings point to financial crises as important moments for global deforestation dynamics. Yet, to consolidate benefits on decreasing deforestation, governments need to enhance their sustainable forest management during crisis periods rather than let it slip down national agendas. Finally, to achieve the SDGs related to forests, better global forest cover datasets are needed, with better forest loss/gain data, disturbance history, and understanding of mosaicked landscape dynamics within a satellite pixel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Pacca
- Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Andreas Antoniades
- School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ UK
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Abstract
Although government banks are frequently associated with political capture and resource misallocation, they may be well-positioned during times of crisis to provide countercyclical support. Following the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, Brazil's government banks substantially increased lending. Localities in Brazil with a high share of government banks received more loans and experienced better employment outcomes relative to localities with a low share of government banks. While increased government bank lending mitigated an economic downturn, we find that this lending was politically targeted, inefficiently allocated, and reduced productivity growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Coleman
- Federal Reserve Board, Division of International Finance, 20th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20551, United States
| | - Leo Feler
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Advanced International Studies, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 202 663 5627; fax: +1 202 663 7718. (L. Feler)
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Chen DY, Li T. Financial crises, Asian stock indices, and current accounts: An Asian-U.S. comparative study. J Asian Econ 2014; 34:66-78. [PMID: 32288457 PMCID: PMC7111672 DOI: 10.1016/j.asieco.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of financial crises-based exchange rate, real interest rate, and personal consumption expenditure on stock market indices and balances of current account in four Asian countries/areas, and the U.S. from 1997 to 2010. Results obtained from Sims's first-order DSGE representation suggest that two policy variables - changes in the exchange rate and changes in the real interest rate lagged by one quarter - act as stabilizers for contemporaneous changes in stock indices for Thailand, Malaysia, and the U.S., but as destabilizers for Taiwan and Hong Kong. However, changes in personal consumption expenditure lagged by one quarter only play a destabilizing role in Hong Kong. For contemporaneous changes in the current account balance, all three policy variables become destabilizers for all five countries except the one-quarter lagged change in real interest rate, which acts as a stabilizer in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Chen
- School of Business & Economics, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Tongzhe Li
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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