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Wang J, Hou J, Huang C, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhang H, Yan D, Zeng K, Yao S. Activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway in Citrus sinensis collapsed vesicles during segment drying revealed by physicochemical and targeted metabolomics analysis. Food Chem 2023; 409:135297. [PMID: 36623356 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Segment drying is a common internal physiological disorder in citrus fruit, and vesicles get granulated or collapsed. This study aimed to probe whether and how the phenylpropanoid metabolism changes in vesicles during collapse of blood orange (Citrus sinensis cv. Tarocco). Vesicle collapse led to a decrease in the content of nutrients and flavonoids, while an increase in lignin content. This disorder was further associated with the increasing enzyme activities and gene expression levels of both the general phenylpropanoid pathway and branch pathway of lignin synthesis, while decreasing enzyme activities and gene expression levels of branch pathway of flavonoids synthesis. Targeted metabolomics analysis of 14 metabolites of the lignin pathway revealed that lignin precursors were accumulated in collapsed vesicles. We provide solid evidence that phenylpropanoid metabolism could be activated, and, intriguingly, metabolic flux may be shuttled to lignin precursors synthesis rather than flavonoids synthesis in vesicles during collapse of blood orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiao Hou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunlian Huang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaci Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dandan Yan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shixiang Yao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
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Md Idris MH, Mohd Amin SN, Mohd Amin SN, Wibowo A, Zakaria ZA, Shaameri Z, Hamzah AS, Selvaraj M, Teh LK, Salleh MZ. Discovery of polymethoxyflavones as potential cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2021; 42:325-337. [PMID: 34323638 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2021.1951756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely prescribed to treat inflammatory-related diseases, pain and fever. However, the prolong use of traditional NSAIDs leads to undesirable side effects such as gastric, ulceration, and renal toxicity due to lack of selectivity toward respective targets for COX-2, 5-LOX, and PDE4B. Thus, targeting multiple sites can reduce these adverse effects of the drugs and increase its potency. A series of methoxyflavones (F1-F5) were synthesized and investigated for their anti-inflammatory properties through molecular docking and inhibition assays. Among these flavones, only F2 exhibited selectivity toward COX-2 (Selectivity Index, SI: 3.90, COX-2 inhibition: 98.96 ± 1.47%) in comparison with celecoxib (SI: 7.54, COX-2 inhibition: 98.20 ± 2.55%). For PDEs, F3 possessed better selectivity to PDE4B (SI: 4.67) than rolipram (SI: 0.78). F5 had the best 5-LOX inhibitory activity among the flavones (33.65 ± 4.74%) but less than zileuton (90.81 ± 0.19%). Docking analysis indicated that the position of methoxy group and the substitution of halogen play role in determining the bioactivities of flavones. Interestingly, F1-F5 displayed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and acceptable range of toxicity (IC50>70 µM) in cell lines with the exception for F1 (IC50: 16.02 ± 1.165 µM). This study generated valuable insight in designing new anti-inflammatory drug based on flavone scaffold. The newly synthesized flavones can be further developed as future therapeutic agents against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhd Hanis Md Idris
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Norhidayah Mohd Amin
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Norhidayu Mohd Amin
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Agustono Wibowo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang Branch, Jengka Campus, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Shaameri
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Sazali Hamzah
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Institute of Science (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Manikandan Selvaraj
- School of Engineering, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Lay Kek Teh
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zaki Salleh
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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