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Ludi AB, Mioulet V, Kassimi LB, Lefebvre DJ, De Clercq K, Chitsungo E, Nwankpa N, Vosloo W, Paton DJ, King DP. Selection and use of reference panels: a case study highlighting current gaps in the materials available for foot and mouth disease. REV SCI TECH OIE 2021; 40:239-251. [PMID: 34140727 DOI: 10.20506/rst.40.1.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals describes a diverse array of assays that can be used to detect, characterise and monitor the presence of infectious agents of farmed livestock. These methods have been developed in different laboratories, at different times, and often include tests or kits provided by the commercial sector. Reference panels are essential tools that can be used during assay development and in validation exercises to compare the performance of these varied (and sometimes competing) diagnostic technologies. World Organisation for Animal Health Reference Laboratories already provide approved international standard reagents to help calibrate diagnostic tests for a range of diseases, but there remain important gaps in their availability for comparative purposes and the calibration of test results across different laboratories. Using foot and mouth disease (FMD) as an example, this review highlights four specific areas where new reference reagents are required. These are to: reduce bias in estimates of the diagnostic sensitivity and inter-serotypic specificity of tests used to detect diverse strains of FMD virus (FMDV), provide bio-safe positive controls for new point-of-care test formats that can be deployed outside high containment, harmonise FMDV antigens for post-vaccination serology, and address inter-laboratory differences in serological assays used to measure virus-specific FMD antibody responses. Since there are often limited resources to prepare and distribute these materials, sustainable progress in this arena will only be achievable if there is consensus and coordination of these activities among OIE Reference Laboratories.
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Xu H, Niu Y, Hong W, Liu W, Zuo X, Bao X, Guo C, Lu Y, Deng B. Development of a water-in-oil-in-water adjuvant for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine based on ginseng stem-leaf saponins as an immune booster. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 71:101499. [PMID: 32505765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increasing interest in finding new formulations that qualify as vaccine adjuvants, which must be safe, stable, and have the capacity to stimulate a strong immune response. In this study, a basic formulation of a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) adjuvant CV13 was developed, and ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) were added as an immune booster into oil phase. The physicochemical properties of the adjuvant were tested. Furthermore, the immune activity and the adjuvant effects, as indicated by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antigen were evaluated. The results showed that CV13 was similar in appearance to ISA 206 and could package FMDV antigen into a stable W/O/W emulsion. The FMD vaccine prepared with CV13 alone or CV13 containing GSLS achieved pharmaceutical characteristics comparable to a vaccine prepared with ISA 206, moreover the structural stability of the CV 13 vaccine was found to be better. Mice that were immunized with the FMD vaccine prepared with CV13 containing GSLS presented a significantly higher LPBE antibody titer and splenocyte proliferation rate than those immunized with a vaccine prepared with CV13 alone (p < 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the groups that were immunized with FMD vaccine prepared with CV13 containing GSLS and ISA206 in terms of cellular and humoral immune response. In this paper, CV13 containing GSLS shows excellent immunologic adjuvant effect in mice model, and this new adjuvant may provide a potential choice for FMD vaccine production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yale Niu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Weiming Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Weixin Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Zuo
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xi Bao
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Changming Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yu Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Bihua Deng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu province, PR China.
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