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Bouma B, de Boer J, Huang D, Jang I, Yonetsu T, Leggett C, Leitgeb R, Sampson D, Suter M, Vakoc B, Villiger M, Wojtkowski M. Optical coherence tomography. Nat Rev Methods Primers 2022; 2:79. [PMID: 36751306 PMCID: PMC9901537 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-contact method for imaging the topological and internal microstructure of samples in three dimensions. OCT can be configured as a conventional microscope, as an ophthalmic scanner, or using endoscopes and small diameter catheters for accessing internal biological organs. In this Primer, we describe the principles underpinning the different instrument configurations that are tailored to distinct imaging applications and explain the origin of signal, based on light scattering and propagation. Although OCT has been used for imaging inanimate objects, we focus our discussion on biological and medical imaging. We examine the signal processing methods and algorithms that make OCT exquisitely sensitive to reflections as weak as just a few photons and that reveal functional information in addition to structure. Image processing, display and interpretation, which are all critical for effective biomedical imaging, are discussed in the context of specific applications. Finally, we consider image artifacts and limitations that commonly arise and reflect on future advances and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.E. Bouma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Institute for Medical Engineering and Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author:
| | - J.F. de Boer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - I.K. Jang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T. Yonetsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - C.L. Leggett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R. Leitgeb
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - D.D. Sampson
- School of Physics and School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Suter
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B. Vakoc
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Villiger
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Wojtkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and International Center for Translational Eye Research, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland,Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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Popescu DP, Choo-Smith LP, Flueraru C, Mao Y, Chang S, Disano J, Sherif S, Sowa MG. Optical coherence tomography: fundamental principles, instrumental designs and biomedical applications. Biophys Rev 2011; 3:155. [PMID: 28510064 PMCID: PMC5418377 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-011-0054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances made in the last two decades in interference technologies, optical instrumentation, catheter technology, optical detectors, speed of data acquisition and processing as well as light sources have facilitated the transformation of optical coherence tomography from an optical method used mainly in research laboratories into a valuable tool applied in various areas of medicine and health sciences. This review paper highlights the place occupied by optical coherence tomography in relation to other imaging methods that are used in medical and life science areas such as ophthalmology, cardiology, dentistry and gastrointestinal endoscopy. Together with the basic principles that lay behind the imaging method itself, this review provides a summary of the functional differences between time-domain, spectral-domain and full-field optical coherence tomography, a presentation of specific methods for processing the data acquired by these systems, an introduction to the noise sources that plague the detected signal and the progress made in optical coherence tomography catheter technology over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P Popescu
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 1Y6.
| | - Lin-P'ing Choo-Smith
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 1Y6
| | - Costel Flueraru
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - Youxin Mao
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - Shoude Chang
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - John Disano
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - Sherif Sherif
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, 75A Chancellor Drive, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 5V6
| | - Michael G Sowa
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 1Y6
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