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Cha J, Hong S, Gwak J, Kim M, Lee J, Kim T, Han GM, Hong SH, Hur J, Giesy JP, Khim JS. Identification of novel polar aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists accumulated in liver of black-tailed gulls in Korea using advanced effect-directed analysis. J Hazard Mater 2022; 429:128305. [PMID: 35077967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in seabirds has been examined, few studies have been conducted to identify previously unidentified substances. Here, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists were identified in livers of black-tailed gulls from South Korea using effect-directed analysis combined with full-scan screening analysis. Significant AhR-mediated potencies were observed in the polar fractions of liver extracts using H4IIE-luc bioassay. Eight known polar AhR agonists accounted for 11-20% of the total AhR-mediated potencies in the polar fractions; hydrocortisone and rutaecarpine were the major contributors. Twenty-two AhR agonist candidates in the polar fractions were identified using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry during a six-step selection process. Of these, [10]-gingerol, angelicin, corticosterone, eupatilin, etofenprox, oxadixyl, and tretinoin were identified as novel AhR agonists. The contribution to potencies increased with inclusion of novel AhR agonists (27-52%); corticosterone and [10]-gingerol contributed significantly. Quantitative structure-activity relationship suggested that the novel AhR agonists have other potential toxic effects, including carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Polar AhR agonists have been used for pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Some novel AhR agonists have log KOW > 2 and log KOA ≥ 6, which indicates that these compounds can be biomagnified in air-breathing organisms, such as seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiyun Gwak
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Mungi Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Myung Han
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Gwak J, Cha J, Lee J, Kim Y, An SA, Lee S, Moon HB, Hur J, Giesy JP, Hong S, Khim JS. Effect-directed identification of novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor-active aromatic compounds in coastal sediments collected from a highly industrialized area. Sci Total Environ 2022; 803:149969. [PMID: 34481160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we identified major aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in the sediments from Yeongil Bay (n = 6) using effect-directed analysis. Using the H4IIE-luc bioassays, great AhR-mediated potencies were found in aromatic fractions (F2) of sediment organic extracts from silica gel column chromatography and sub-fractions (F2.6-F2.8) from reverse phase-HPLC. Full-scan mass spectrometric analysis using GC-QTOFMS was conducted to identify novel AhR agonists in highly potent fractions, such as F2.6-F2.8 of S1 (Gumu Creek). Selection criteria for AhR-active compounds consisted of three steps, including matching factor of NIST library (≥70), aromatic structures, and the number of aromatic rings (≥4). Fifty-nine compounds were selected as tentative AhR agonist candidates, with the AhR-mediated activity being assessed for six compounds for which standard materials were available commercially. Of these compounds, 20-methylcholanthrene, 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 10-methylbenz[a]pyrene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene exhibited significant AhR-mediated potency. Relative potency values of these compounds were determined relative to benzo[a]pyrene to be 3.2, 1.4, 1.2, and 0.2, respectively. EPA positive matrix factorization modeling indicated that the sedimentary AhR-active aromatic compounds primarily originated from coal combustion and vehicle emissions. Potency balance analysis indicated that four novel AhR agonists explained 0.007% to 1.7% of bioassay-derived AhR-mediated potencies in samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Gwak
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ah An
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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