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Fournel A, Drougard A, Duparc T, Marlin A, Brierley SM, Castro J, Le-Gonidec S, Masri B, Colom A, Lucas A, Rousset P, Cenac N, Vergnolle N, Valet P, Cani PD, Knauf C. Apelin targets gut contraction to control glucose metabolism via the brain. Gut 2017; 66:258-269. [PMID: 26565000 PMCID: PMC5284480 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gut-brain axis is considered as a major regulatory checkpoint in the control of glucose homeostasis. The detection of nutrients and/or hormones in the duodenum informs the hypothalamus of the host's nutritional state. This process may occur via hypothalamic neurons modulating central release of nitric oxide (NO), which in turn controls glucose entry into tissues. The enteric nervous system (ENS) modulates intestinal contractions in response to various stimuli, but the importance of this interaction in the control of glucose homeostasis via the brain is unknown. We studied whether apelin, a bioactive peptide present in the gut, regulates ENS-evoked contractions, thereby identifying a new physiological partner in the control of glucose utilisation via the hypothalamus. DESIGN We measured the effect of apelin on electrical and mechanical duodenal responses via telemetry probes and isotonic sensors in normal and obese/diabetic mice. Changes in hypothalamic NO release, in response to duodenal contraction modulated by apelin, were evaluated in real time with specific amperometric probes. Glucose utilisation in tissues was measured with orally administrated radiolabeled glucose. RESULTS In normal and obese/diabetic mice, glucose utilisation is improved by the decrease of ENS/contraction activities in response to apelin, which generates an increase in hypothalamic NO release. As a consequence, glucose entry is significantly increased in the muscle. CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a novel mode of communication between the intestine and the hypothalamus that controls glucose utilisation. Moreover, our data identified oral apelin administration as a novel potential target to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audren Fournel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Drougard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibaut Duparc
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain Drug Research Institute, LDRI, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alysson Marlin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia,Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie Le-Gonidec
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Masri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - André Colom
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Lucas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Perrine Rousset
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), CHU Purpan, Toulouse, Cedex 03, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice D Cani
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain Drug Research Institute, LDRI, Metabolism and Nutrition research group, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse Cedex 4, France,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM/UCL,Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Smits MM, van Raalte DH, Tonneijck L, Muskiet MHA, Kramer MHH, Cahen DL. GLP-1 based therapies: clinical implications for gastroenterologists. Gut 2016; 65:702-11. [PMID: 26786687 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut-derived incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) lowers postprandial blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin and inhibiting glucagon secretion. Two novel antihyperglycaemic drug classes augment these effects; GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of the GLP-1 degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4. These so called GLP-1 based or incretin based drugs are increasingly used to treat type 2 diabetes, because of a low risk of hypoglycaemia and favourable effect on body weight, blood pressure and lipid profiles. Besides glucose control, GLP-1 functions as an enterogastrone, causing a wide range of GI responses. Studies have shown that endogenous GLP-1 and its derived therapies slow down digestion by affecting the stomach, intestines, exocrine pancreas, gallbladder and liver. Understanding the GI actions of GLP-1 based therapies is clinically relevant; because GI side effects are common and need to be recognised, and because these drugs may be used to treat GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Smits
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart Tonneijck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H A Muskiet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H H Kramer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Djuna L Cahen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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