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Liu M, Deng N, Li H, Hou X, Zhang B, Wang J. Characterization and comparison of flavors in fresh and aged fermented peppers: Impact of different varieties. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114187. [PMID: 38519195 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The flavor profiles of fresh and aged fermented peppers obtained from four varieties were thoroughly compared in this study. A total of 385 volatile compounds in fermented pepper samples were detected by flavoromics (two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry). As fermentation progressed, both the number and the total concentration of volatile compounds changed, with esters, alcohols, acids, terpenoids, sulfur compounds, and funans increasing, whereas hydrocarbons and benzenes decreased. In contrast to the fresh fermented peppers, the aged fermented samples exhibited lower values of pH, total sugars, and capsaicinoids but higher contents of organic acids and free amino acids. Furthermore, the specific differences and characteristic aroma substances among aged fermented peppers were unveiled by multivariate statistical analysis. Overall, 64 volatiles were screened as differential compounds. In addition, Huanggongjiao samples possessed the most abundant differential volatiles and compounds with odor activity values > 1, which were flavored with fruity, floral, and slightly phenolic odors. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the levels of 23 key aroma compounds (e.g., ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, 1-butanol, and ethyl valerate) showed a significantly positive correlation with Asp, Glu and 5 organic acids. By contrast, there is a negative association between the pH value and total sugar. Overall, aging contributed significantly to the flavor attributes of fermented peppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Prepared Dishes Modern Industrial College, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prepared Dishes, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Na Deng
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Prepared Dishes Modern Industrial College, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prepared Dishes, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Prepared Dishes Modern Industrial College, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prepared Dishes, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Prepared Dishes Modern Industrial College, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prepared Dishes, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Prepared Dishes Modern Industrial College, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prepared Dishes, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Prepared Dishes Modern Industrial College, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prepared Dishes, Changsha, 410114, China.
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Xue J, Liu P, Yin J, Wang W, Zhang J, Wang W, Le T, Ni D, Jiang H. Dynamic Changes in Volatile Compounds of Shaken Black Tea during Its Manufacture by GC × GC-TOFMS and Multivariate Data Analysis. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 35563951 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in key odorants of shaken black tea (SBT) during its manufacture were determined using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography−time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC−TOFMS) and multivariate data analysis. A total of 241 volatiles was identified, comprising 49 aldehydes, 40 esters, 29 alcohols, 34 ketones, 30 aromatics, 24 alkenes, 17 alkanes, 13 furans, and 5 other compounds. A total of 27 volatiles had average relative odor activity values (rOAVs) greater than 1, among which (E)-β-ionone, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, and 1-octen-3-one exhibited the highest values. According to the criteria of variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1, p < 0.05, and |log2FC| > 1, 61 discriminatory volatile compounds were screened out, of which 26 substances were shared in the shaking stage (FL vs. S1, S1 vs. S2, S2 vs. S3). The results of the orthogonal partial least squares discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) differentiated the influence of shaking, fermentation, and drying processes on the formation of volatile compounds in SBT. In particular, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-hexanoic acid, 3-hexenyl ester, (E)-β-farnesene, and indole mainly formed in the shaking stage, which promoted the formation of the floral and fruity flavor of black tea. This study enriches the basic theory of black tea flavor quality and provide the theoretical basis for the further development of aroma quality control.
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Chen QC, Zhu Y, Yan H, Chen M, Xie DC, Wang MQ, Ni DJ, Lin Z. Identification of Aroma Composition and Key Odorants Contributing to Aroma Characteristics of White Teas. Molecules 2020; 25:E6050. [PMID: 33371407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25246050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of aroma composition and key odorants contributing to aroma characteristics of white tea is urgently needed, owing to white tea's charming flavors and significant health benefits. In this study, a total of 238 volatile components were identified in the three subtypes of white teas using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). The multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the contents of 103 volatile compounds showed extremely significant differences, of which 44 compounds presented higher contents in Baihaoyinzhen and Baimudan, while the other 59 compounds exhibited higher contents in Shoumei. The sensory evaluation experiment carried out by gas chromatography-olfactometry/mass spectrometry (GC-O/MS) revealed 44 aroma-active compounds, of which 25 compounds were identified, including 9 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 5 ketones, and 5 other compounds. These odorants mostly presented green, fresh, floral, fruity, or sweet odors. Multivariate analyses of chemical characterization and sensory evaluation results showed that high proportions of alcohols and aldehydes form the basis of green and fresh aroma characteristic of white teas, and phenylethyl alcohol, γ-Nonalactone, trans-β-ionone, trans-linalool oxide (furanoid), α-ionone, and cis-3-hexenyl butyrate were considered as the key odorants accounting for the different aroma characteristics of the three subtypes of white tea. The results will contribute to in-depth understand chemical and sensory markers associated with different subtypes of white tea, and provide a solid foundation for tea aroma quality control and improvement.
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Wu S, Yang J, Dong H, Liu Q, Li X, Zeng X, Bai W. Key aroma compounds of Chinese dry-cured Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) and their potential metabolic mechanisms. Food Chem 2020; 342:128381. [PMID: 33097327 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The key aroma compounds of six commercially available dry-cured Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius, DCSM) were identified using electronic nose (E-nose), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), and two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). A total of 38-55 aroma compounds were identified, and 21-26 of them, which presented high flavor dilution factors based on aroma extract dilution analysis, were quantified. Lastly, 9-14 key aroma compounds with high odor-active value, including 3-methyl-1-butanal, octanal, 1-octen-3-ol, nonanal, cis-4-decenal, ethyl caproate, (E)-2-octenal, (Z)-2-nonenal decanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-heptanol, 3-octanone, 2-octanol, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, were identified as the key aroma contributors in DCSM. Results also indicated that a longer dry-curing time would promote the generation of aroma compounds. The metabolism analysis implied that the auto-oxidation/oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acid, and the enzymatic degradation of l-leucine might be potential metabolic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Juan Yang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Qiaoyu Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiangluan Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiaofang Zeng
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Weidong Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
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