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Romeiro FG, Ietsugu MDV, Franzoni LDC, Augusti L, Alvarez M, Santos LAA, Lima TB, Koga KH, Moriguchi SM, Caramori CA, Silva GF, Betting LEGG. Which of the branched-chain amino acids increases cerebral blood flow in hepatic encephalopathy? A double-blind randomized trial. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 19:302-310. [PMID: 30013913 PMCID: PMC6044187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids increase the brain perfusion of patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but the amino acid and the mechanisms involved are still unknown. This study compared brain perfusion and clinical improvement during leucine or isoleucine supplementation. After randomization, 27 subjects with cirrhosis and HE received leucine or isoleucine supplements for one year. Brain single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and dynamic brain scintigraphy (DBS) were performed pretreatment and at 1, 8 and 12 months of supplementation. Brain perfusion was increased only in the isoleucine group at 8 months of treatment by both SPECT and DBS (p < 0.001 and p = 0.05, respectively) and by SPECT at the 12th month (p < 0.05). This was associated with hepatic encephalopathy improvement at 8 and 12 months (p = 0.008 and 0.004, respectively), which was not observed in the leucine group (p = 0.313 and 0.055, respectively). Isoleucine supplementation achieved a better impact on brain perfusion restoration in HE.
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Key Words
- AC, arm circumference
- APMT, adductor pollicis muscle thickness
- BCAA, branched-chain amino acids
- BCKA, branched-chain ketoacids
- BMI, body mass index
- Branched-chain amino acids
- CAMA, corrected mid-arm muscle area
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- Cerebral blood flow
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase
- GLN, glutamine
- GLU, glutamate
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HGS, handgrip strength
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HRQoL, health-related quality of life
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- Liver cirrhosis
- MAMC, mid-arm muscle circumference
- MELD, Model of End-Stage Liver Disease
- NH3, ammonia
- PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- ROIs, regions of interest
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SF-36, 36-item Short-Form General Health Survey
- SPECT, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
- SPM12, Statistical Parametrical Mapping 12
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TSF, triceps skinfold
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
- αKGDH, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gomes Romeiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil.
| | - Marjorie do Val Ietsugu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Letícia de Campos Franzoni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Laís Augusti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Matheus Alvarez
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-689, Brazil.
| | - Lívia Alves Amaral Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Talles Bazeia Lima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Kátia Hiromoto Koga
- Department of Tropical Diseases and Imaging Diagnosis, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n. Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil.
| | - Sônia Marta Moriguchi
- Department of Tropical Diseases and Imaging Diagnosis, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n. Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Carlos Antonio Caramori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Faria Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Eduardo Gomes Garcia Betting
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n Distrito de Rubião Jr, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil.
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Suarez-Mendez C, Hanemaaijer M, ten Pierick A, Wolters J, Heijnen J, Wahl S. Interaction of storage carbohydrates and other cyclic fluxes with central metabolism: A quantitative approach by non-stationary 13C metabolic flux analysis. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:52-63. [PMID: 29468113 PMCID: PMC5779734 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
13C labeling experiments in aerobic glucose limited cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at four different growth rates (0.054; 0.101, 0.207, 0.307 h-1) are used for calculating fluxes that include intracellular cycles (e.g., storage carbohydrate cycles, exchange fluxes with amino acids), which are rearranged depending on the growth rate. At low growth rates the impact of the storage carbohydrate recycle is relatively more significant than at high growth rates due to a higher concentration of these materials in the cell (up to 560-fold) and higher fluxes relative to the glucose uptake rate (up to 16%). Experimental observations suggest that glucose can be exported to the extracellular space, and that its source is related to storage carbohydrates, most likely via the export and subsequent extracellular breakdown of trehalose. This hypothesis is strongly supported by 13C-labeling experimental data, measured extracellular trehalose, and the corresponding flux estimations.
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Key Words
- 2PG, 2-phosphoglycerate
- 3PG, 3-phosphoglycerate
- 6PG, 6-phospho gluconate
- ACO, aconitate hydratase
- AK, adenylate kinase
- ALA, alanine
- ASP, aspartate
- Amino acids
- CoA, coenzyme-A
- DHAP, dihydroxy acetone phosphate
- DO, dissolved oxygen
- E4P, erythrose-4-phosphate
- ENO, phosphopyruvate hydratase
- F6P, fructose-6-phosphate
- FBA, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
- FBP, fructose-1,6-bis-phosphate
- FMH, fumarate hydratase
- FUM, fumarate
- Flux estimation
- G1P, glucose-1-phosphate
- G6P, glucose-6-phosphate
- G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GAP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
- GAPDH&PGK, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase+phosphoglycerate kinase
- GLN, glutamine
- GLU, glutamate
- GLY, glycine
- GPM, phosphoglycerate mutase
- Glycogen
- IDMS, Isotope dilution mass spectrometry
- Iso-Cit, isocitrate
- LEU, leucine
- LYS, lysine
- MAL, malate
- METH, methionine
- Non-stationary 13C labeling
- OAA, oxaloacetate
- OUR, Oxygen uptake rate
- PEP, phospho-enol-pyruvate
- PFK, 6-phosphofructokinase
- PGI, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
- PGM, phosphoglucomutase
- PMI, mannose-6-phosphate isomerase
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- PRO, proline
- PYK, pyruvate kinase
- PYR, pyruvate
- RPE, ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase
- RPI, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
- Rib5P, ribose-5-phosphate
- Ribu5P, ribulose-5-phosphate
- S7P, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate
- SER, serine
- SUC, succinate
- T6P, trehalose-6-phosphate
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle.
- TPP, trehalose- phosphatase
- TPS, alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase
- Trehalose
- UDP, uridine-5-diphosphate
- UDPG, UDP-glucose
- UTP, uridine-5-triphosphate
- X5P, xylulose-5-phosphate
- α-KG, oxoglutarate
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Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Suarez-Mendez
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67 – 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, P.O. Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M. Hanemaaijer
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67 – 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Angela ten Pierick
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67 – 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J.C. Wolters
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J.J. Heijnen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67 – 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, P.O. Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S.A. Wahl
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67 – 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, P.O. Box 5057, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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