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Suzuki S, Venkatesh D, Tanaka T, Prives C. GLS2 shapes ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2023; 14:900-903. [PMID: 37861381 PMCID: PMC10588662 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carol Prives
- Correspondence to:Carol Prives, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA email
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2
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Cooper AJL, Dorai T, Pinto JT, Denton TT. Metabolic Heterogeneity, Plasticity, and Adaptation to "Glutamine Addiction" in Cancer Cells: The Role of Glutaminase and the GTωA [Glutamine Transaminase-ω-Amidase (Glutaminase II)] Pathway. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1131. [PMID: 37627015 PMCID: PMC10452834 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers utilize l-glutamine as a major energy source. Often cited in the literature as "l-glutamine addiction", this well-characterized pathway involves hydrolysis of l-glutamine by a glutaminase to l-glutamate, followed by oxidative deamination, or transamination, to α-ketoglutarate, which enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, mammalian tissues/cancers possess a rarely mentioned, alternative pathway (the glutaminase II pathway): l-glutamine is transaminated to α-ketoglutaramate (KGM), followed by ω-amidase (ωA)-catalyzed hydrolysis of KGM to α-ketoglutarate. The name glutaminase II may be confused with the glutaminase 2 (GLS2) isozyme. Thus, we recently renamed the glutaminase II pathway the "glutamine transaminase-ω-amidase (GTωA)" pathway. Herein, we summarize the metabolic importance of the GTωA pathway, including its role in closing the methionine salvage pathway, and as a source of anaplerotic α-ketoglutarate. An advantage of the GTωA pathway is that there is no net change in redox status, permitting α-ketoglutarate production during hypoxia, diminishing cellular energy demands. We suggest that the ability to coordinate control of both pathways bestows a metabolic advantage to cancer cells. Finally, we discuss possible benefits of GTωA pathway inhibitors, not only as aids to studying the normal biological roles of the pathway but also as possible useful anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J. L. Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Thambi Dorai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (J.T.P.)
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - John T. Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.D.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Travis T. Denton
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99164, USA
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA 99164, USA
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Tryndyak VP, Willett RA, Avigan MI, Sanyal AJ, Beland FA, Rusyn I, Pogribny IP. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated DNA methylation and gene expression alterations in the livers of Collaborative Cross mice fed an obesogenic high-fat and high-sucrose diet. Epigenetics 2022; 17:1462-1476. [PMID: 35324388 PMCID: PMC9586642 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2043590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent chronic liver disease, and patient susceptibility to its onset and progression is influenced by several factors. In this study, we investigated whether altered hepatic DNA methylation in liver tissue correlates with the degree of severity of NAFLD-like liver injury induced by a high-fat and high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet in Collaborative Cross (CC) mice. Using genome-wide targeted bisulphite DNA methylation next-generation sequencing, we found that mice with different non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) phenotypes could be distinguished by changes in hepatic DNA methylation profiles. Specifically, NAFL-prone male CC042 mice exhibited more prominent DNA methylation changes compared with male CC011 mice and female CC011 and CC042 mice that developed only a mild NAFL phenotype. Moreover, these mouse strains demonstrated different patterns of DNA methylation. While the HF/HS diet induced both DNA hypomethylation and DNA hypermethylation changes in all the mouse strains, the NAFL-prone male CC042 mice demonstrated a global predominance of DNA hypermethylation, whereas a more pronounced DNA hypomethylation pattern developed in the mild-NAFL phenotypic mice. In a targeted analysis of selected genes that contain differentially methylated regions (DMRs), we identified NAFL phenotype-associated differences in DNA methylation and gene expression of the Apoa4, Gls2, and Apom genes in severe NAFL-prone mice but not in mice with mild NAFL phenotypes. These changes in the expression of Apoa4 and Gls2 coincided with similar findings in a human in vitro cell model of diet-induced steatosis and in patients with NAFL. These results suggest that changes in the expression and DNA methylation status of these three genes may serve as a set of predictive markers for the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr P. Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Rose A. Willett
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mark I. Avigan
- Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology, FDA-Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&m University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Igor P. Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- CONTACT Igor P. Pogribny Division of Biochemical Toxicology , FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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4
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Basheer HA, Elsalem L, Salem A, Tailor A, Hunter K, Afarinkia K. The Expression of Glutaminases and their Association with Clinicopathological Parameters in the Head and Neck Cancers. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 22:169-179. [PMID: 34951574 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666211224111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased glutamine metabolism is a characteristic feature of cancer cells. The interconversion between glutamine and glutamate is catalyzed by two glutaminase isoforms, GLS1 and GLS2, which appear to have different roles in different types of cancer. We investigated for the first time the protein expression of GLS1 and GLS2, and their correlation with advanced clinicopathological parameters in head and neck cancers. METHOD Consecutive slides from a tissue microarray comprised of 80 samples ranging from normal to metastatic, were stained immunohistochemically for GLS1, GLS2, HIF-1α or CD147. Following analysis by two expert pathologists we carried out statistical analysis of the scores. RESULTS GLS1 and GLS2 are upregulated at protein level in head and neck tumours compared to normal tissues and this increased expression correlated positively (GLS1) and negatively (GLS2) with tumor grade, indicating a shift of expression between GLS enzyme isoforms based on tumor differentiation. Increased expression of GLS1 was associated with high CD147 expression; and elevated GLS2 expression was associated with both high CD147 and high HIF-1α expressions. The correlation of the GLS1 and GLS2 with HIF-1α or CD147 was strongly associated with more advanced clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSION The increased expression of GLS1 and GLS2 may be explored as a new treatment for head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen A Basheer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, PO Box 132222, Zarqa 13132, Jordan
| | - Lina Elsalem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Anwar Salem
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom. 4School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Artysha Tailor
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Hunter
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Kamyar Afarinkia
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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5
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Zhou X, Zhuo M, Zhang Y, Shi E, Ma X, Li H. miR-190a-5p regulates cardiomyocytes response to ferroptosis via directly targeting GLS2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 566:9-15. [PMID: 34111670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel identified form of regulated cell death that has been implied in the pathology of myocardial infarction (MI). However, the regulation mechanisms of ferroptosis in cardiomyocyte are still elusive. MiRNAs are a group of small non-coding RNAs that play crucial roles in various biological activities. Till now, little is known about the role of miRNA in the ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes. In the current study, we found that miR-190a-5p negatively regulate ferroptosis via directly targeting GLS2 in rat cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells. Forced expression of miR-190a-5p inhibited GLS2, resulting in downregulation of ROS, MDA and Fe 2+ accumulation. Meanwhile, inhibition of miR-190a-5p caused upregulation of GLS2, resulting in opposite effects which could be blocked by GLS2 inhibitor compound 968. In summary, our findings suggest that miR-190a-5p plays an essential role in regulation of ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes and suggest a potential therapeutic target for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, 998 North Qianhe Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mali Zhuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, 998 North Qianhe Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, 998 North Qianhe Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Erdong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, 998 North Qianhe Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xujie Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, 998 North Qianhe Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo Yinzhou No 2. Hospital, 998 North Qianhe Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
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6
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Chen X, Huang L, Yang T, Xu J, Zhang C, Deng Z, Yang X, Liu N, Chen S, Lin S. METTL3 Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis Through Enhancing GLS2 Expression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:667451. [PMID: 34094960 PMCID: PMC8170325 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.667451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified pleiotropic roles of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) in tumor progression. However, the roles of METTL3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are still unclear. Here, we investigated the function and mechanism of METTL3 in ESCC tumorigenesis. We reported that higher METTL3 expression was found in ESCC tissues and was markedly associated with depth of invasion and poor prognosis. Loss- and gain-of function studies showed that METTL3 promoted the migration and invasion of ESCC cells in vitro. Integrated methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-Seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis first demonstrated that glutaminase 2 (GLS2) was regulated by METTL3 via m6A modification. Our findings identified METTL3/GLS2 signaling as a potential therapeutic target in antimetastatic strategies against ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Chen
- Clinical Department of Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Huang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Clinical Department of Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiexuan Xu
- Clinical Department of Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyong Zhang
- Clinical Department of Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Naihua Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Size Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shaoqiang Lin, ; Size Chen,
| | - Shaoqiang Lin
- Clinical Department of Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shaoqiang Lin, ; Size Chen,
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7
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Matés JM, Campos-Sandoval JA, de Los Santos-Jiménez J, Márquez J. Glutaminases regulate glutathione and oxidative stress in cancer. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2603-2623. [PMID: 32681190 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies against cancer have improved both survival and quality of life of patients. However, metabolic rewiring evokes cellular mechanisms that reduce therapeutic mightiness. Resistant cells generate more glutathione, elicit nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activation, and overexpress many anti-oxidative genes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and thioredoxin reductase, providing stronger antioxidant capacity to survive in a more oxidative environment due to the sharp rise in oxidative metabolism and reactive oxygen species generation. These changes dramatically alter tumour microenvironment and cellular metabolism itself. A rational design of therapeutic combination strategies is needed to flatten cellular homeostasis and accomplish a drop in cancer development. Context-dependent glutaminase isoenzymes show oncogenic and tumour suppressor properties, being mainly associated to MYC and p53, respectively. Glutaminases catalyze glutaminolysis in mitochondria, regulating oxidative phosphorylation, redox status and cell metabolism for tumour growth. In addition, the substrate and product of glutaminase reaction, glutamine and glutamate, respectively, can work as signalling molecules moderating redox and bioenergetic pathways in cancer. Novel synergistic approaches combining glutaminase inhibition and redox-dependent modulation are described in this review. Pharmacological or genetic glutaminase regulation along with oxidative chemotherapy can help to improve the design of combination strategies that escalate the rate of therapeutic success in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Matés
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - José A Campos-Sandoval
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan de Los Santos-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Márquez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Canceromics Lab, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
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8
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Simon J, Nuñez-García M, Fernández-Tussy P, Barbier-Torres L, Fernández-Ramos D, Gómez-Santos B, Buqué X, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Goikoetxea-Usandizaga N, Serrano-Macia M, Rodriguez-Agudo R, Bizkarguenaga M, Zubiete-Franco I, Gutiérrez-de Juan V, Cabrera D, Alonso C, Iruzubieta P, Romero-Gomez M, van Liempd S, Castro A, Nogueiras R, Varela-Rey M, Falcón-Pérez JM, Villa E, Crespo J, Lu SC, Mato JM, Aspichueta P, Delgado TC, Martínez-Chantar ML. Targeting Hepatic Glutaminase 1 Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Restoring Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Triglyceride Assembly. Cell Metab 2020; 31:605-622.e10. [PMID: 32084378 PMCID: PMC7259377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by the accumulation of hepatic fat in an inflammatory/fibrotic background. Herein, we show that the hepatic high-activity glutaminase 1 isoform (GLS1) is overexpressed in NASH. Importantly, GLS1 inhibition reduces lipid content in choline and/or methionine deprivation-induced steatotic mouse primary hepatocytes, in human hepatocyte cell lines, and in NASH mouse livers. We suggest that under these circumstances, defective glutamine fueling of anaplerotic mitochondrial metabolism and concomitant reduction of oxidative stress promotes a reprogramming of serine metabolism, wherein serine is shifted from the generation of the antioxidant glutathione and channeled to provide one-carbon units to regenerate the methionine cycle. The restored methionine cycle can induce phosphatidylcholine synthesis from the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-mediated and CDP-choline pathways as well as by base-exchange reactions between phospholipids, thereby restoring hepatic phosphatidylcholine content and very-low-density lipoprotein export. Overall, we provide evidence that hepatic GLS1 targeting is a valuable therapeutic approach in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Simon
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maitane Nuñez-García
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Tussy
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lucía Barbier-Torres
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Xabier Buqué
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Naroa Goikoetxea-Usandizaga
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marina Serrano-Macia
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rubén Rodriguez-Agudo
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maider Bizkarguenaga
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Imanol Zubiete-Franco
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Gutiérrez-de Juan
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Diana Cabrera
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Paula Iruzubieta
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Spain; Clinical and Traslational Digestive Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CIBERehd, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sebastiaan van Liempd
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Falcón-Pérez
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Erica Villa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria & University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Javier Crespo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Spain; Clinical and Traslational Digestive Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Jose M Mato
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Teresa C Delgado
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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9
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Ramirez-Peña E, Arnold J, Shivakumar V, Joseph R, Vidhya Vijay G, den Hollander P, Bhangre N, Allegakoen P, Prasad R, Conley Z, Matés JM, Márquez J, Chang JT, Vasaikar S, Soundararajan R, Sreekumar A, Mani SA. The Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Promotes Glutamine Independence by Suppressing GLS2 Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101610. [PMID: 31652551 PMCID: PMC6826439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying bioenergetics that facilitate the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells may uncover targets to treat incurable metastatic disease. Metastasis is the number one cause of cancer-related deaths; therefore, it is urgent to identify new treatment strategies to prevent the initiation of metastasis. To characterize the bioenergetics of EMT, we compared metabolic activities and gene expression in cells induced to differentiate into the mesenchymal state with their epithelial counterparts. We found that levels of GLS2, which encodes a glutaminase, are inversely associated with EMT. GLS2 down-regulation was correlated with reduced mitochondrial activity and glutamine independence even in low-glucose conditions. Restoration of GLS2 expression in GLS2-negative breast cancer cells rescued mitochondrial activity, enhanced glutamine utilization, and inhibited stem-cell properties. Additionally, inhibition of expression of the transcription factor FOXC2, a critical regulator of EMT in GLS2-negative cells, restored GLS2 expression and glutamine utilization. Furthermore, in breast cancer patients, high GLS2 expression is associated with improved survival. These findings suggest that epithelial cancer cells rely on glutamine and that cells induced to undergo EMT become glutamine independent. Moreover, the inhibition of EMT leads to a GLS2-directed metabolic shift in mesenchymal cancer cells, which may make these cells susceptible to chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Ramirez-Peña
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - James Arnold
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Vinita Shivakumar
- Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Robiya Joseph
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | - Petra den Hollander
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Neeraja Bhangre
- Department of Fibrosis Biology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Paul Allegakoen
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Rishika Prasad
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zachary Conley
- Center for Science Outreach, Department of Teaching and Learning, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - José M Matés
- Canceromics Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Javier Márquez
- Canceromics Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Málaga and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Suhas Vasaikar
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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10
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Saha SK, Islam SMR, Abdullah-Al-Wadud M, Islam S, Ali F, Park KS. Multiomics Analysis Reveals that GLS and GLS2 Differentially Modulate the Clinical Outcomes of Cancer. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030355. [PMID: 30871151 PMCID: PMC6463114 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney-type glutaminase (GLS) and liver-type glutaminase (GLS2) are dysregulated in many cancers, making them appealing targets for cancer therapy. However, their use as prognostic biomarkers is controversial and remains an active area of cancer research. Here, we performed a systematic multiomic analysis to determine whether glutaminases function as prognostic biomarkers in human cancers. Glutaminase expression and methylation status were assessed and their prominent functional protein partners and correlated genes were identified using various web-based bioinformatics tools. The cross-cancer relationship of glutaminases with mutations and copy number alterations was also investigated. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis were performed to assess the integrated effect of glutaminases and their correlated genes on various cancers. Subsequently, the prognostic roles of GLS and GLS2 in human cancers were mined using univariate and multivariate survival analyses. GLS was frequently over-expressed in breast, esophagus, head-and-neck, and blood cancers, and was associated with a poor prognosis, whereas GLS2 overexpression implied poor overall survival in colon, blood, ovarian, and thymoma cancers. BothGLS and GLS2 play oncogenic and anti-oncogenic roles depending on the type of cancer. The varying prognostic characteristics of glutaminases suggest that GLS and GLS2 expression differentially modulate the clinical outcomes of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - S M Riazul Islam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - M Abdullah-Al-Wadud
- Department of Software Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saiful Islam
- Department of Computer Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Farman Ali
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Sik Park
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Centre, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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11
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Zhang C, Liu J, Zhao Y, Yue X, Zhu Y, Wang X, Wu H, Blanco F, Li S, Bhanot G, Haffty BG, Hu W, Feng Z. Glutaminase 2 is a novel negative regulator of small GTPase Rac1 and mediates p53 function in suppressing metastasis. eLife 2016; 5:e10727. [PMID: 26751560 PMCID: PMC4749555 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaminase (GLS) isoenzymes GLS1 and GLS2 are key enzymes for glutamine metabolism. Interestingly, GLS1 and GLS2 display contrasting functions in tumorigenesis with elusive mechanism; GLS1 promotes tumorigenesis, whereas GLS2 exhibits a tumor-suppressive function. In this study, we found that GLS2 but not GLS1 binds to small GTPase Rac1 and inhibits its interaction with Rac1 activators guanine-nucleotide exchange factors, which in turn inhibits Rac1 to suppress cancer metastasis. This function of GLS2 is independent of GLS2 glutaminase activity. Furthermore, decreased GLS2 expression is associated with enhanced metastasis in human cancer. As a p53 target, GLS2 mediates p53's function in metastasis suppression through inhibiting Rac1. In summary, our results reveal that GLS2 is a novel negative regulator of Rac1, and uncover a novel function and mechanism whereby GLS2 suppresses metastasis. Our results also elucidate a novel mechanism that contributes to the contrasting functions of GLS1 and GLS2 in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Xuetian Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Felix Blanco
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Gyan Bhanot
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biochemistry & Physics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, United States
| | - Bruce G Haffty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States
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12
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Niklison-Chirou MV, Killick R, Knight RA, Nicotera P, Melino G, Agostini M. How Does p73 Cause Neuronal Defects? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4509-20. [PMID: 26266644 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The p53-family member, p73, plays a key role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS), in senescence, and in tumor formation. The role of p73 in neuronal differentiation is complex and involves several downstream pathways. Indeed, in the last few years, we have learnt that TAp73 directly or indirectly regulates several genes involved in neural biology. In particular, TAp73 is involved in the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cell self-renewal and differentiation throughout the regulation of SOX-2, Hey-2, TRIM32 and Notch. In addition, TAp73 is also implicated in the regulation of the differentiation and function of postmitotic neurons by regulating the expression of p75NTR and GLS2 (glutamine metabolism). Further still, the regulation of miR-34a by TAp73 indicates that microRNAs can also participate in this multifunctional role of p73 in adult brain physiology. However, contradictory results still exist in the relationship between p73 and brain disorders, and this remains an important area for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Niklison-Chirou
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Richard Killick
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Richard A Knight
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Toxicology Unit, Medical Research Council, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Szeliga M, Bogacińska-Karaś M, Kuźmicz K, Rola R, Albrecht J. Downregulation of GLS2 in glioblastoma cells is related to DNA hypermethylation but not to the p53 status. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1309-16. [PMID: 26258493 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human phosphate-activated glutaminase (GA) is encoded by two genes: GLS and GLS2. Glioblastomas (GB) usually lack GLS2 transcripts, and their reintroduction inhibits GB growth. The GLS2 gene in peripheral tumors may be i) methylation- controlled and ii) a target of tumor suppressor p53 often mutated in gliomas. Here we assessed the relation of GLS2 downregulation in GB to its methylation and TP53 status. DNA demethylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored GLS2 mRNA and protein content in human GB cell lines with both mutated (T98G) and wild-type (U87MG) p53 and reduced the methylation of CpG1 (promoter region island), and CpG2 (first intron island) in both cell lines. In cell lines and clinical GB samples alike, methylated CpG islands were detected both in the GLS2 promoter (as reported earlier) and in the first intron of this gene. CpG methylation of either island was absent in GLS2-expressing non-tumoros brain tissues. Screening for mutation in the exons 5-8 of TP53 revealed a point mutation in only one out of seven GB examined. In conclusion, aberrant methylation of CpG islands, appear to contribute to silencing of GLS2 in GB by a mechanism bypassing TP53 mutations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szeliga
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Radosław Rola
- Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery of the Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland.,Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Szeliga M, Albrecht J. Opposing roles of glutaminase isoforms in determining glioblastoma cell phenotype. Neurochem Int 2014; 88:6-9. [PMID: 25529918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu) play pivotal roles in the malignant phenotype of brain tumors via multiple mechanisms. Glutaminase (GA, EC 3.5.1.2) metabolizes Gln to Glu and ammonia. Human GA isoforms are encoded by two genes: GLS gene codes for kidney-type isoforms, KGA and GAC, whereas GLS2 codes for liver-type isoforms, GAB and LGA. The expression pattern of both genes in different neoplastic cell lines and tissues implicated that the kidney-type isoforms are associated with cell proliferation, while the liver-type isoforms dominate in, and contribute to the phenotype of quiescent cells. GLS gene has been demonstrated to be regulated by oncogene c-Myc, whereas GLS2 gene was identified as a target gene of p53 tumor suppressor. In glioblastomas (GBM, WHO grade IV), the most aggressive brain tumors, high levels of GLS and only traces or lack of GLS2 transcripts were found. Ectopic overexpression of GLS2 in human glioblastoma T98G cells decreased their proliferation and migration and sensitized them to the alkylating agents often used in the chemotherapy of gliomas. GLS silencing reduced proliferation of glioblastoma T98G cells and strengthen the antiproliferative effect evoked by previous GLS2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Szeliga
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Velletri T, Romeo F, Tucci P, Peschiaroli A, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Niklison-Chirou MV, Amelio I, Knight RA, Mak TW, Melino G, Agostini M. GLS2 is transcriptionally regulated by p73 and contributes to neuronal differentiation. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3564-73. [PMID: 24121663 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid Glutamine is converted into Glutamate by a deamidation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Glutaminase (GLS). Two isoforms of this enzyme have been described, and the GLS2 isoform is regulated by the tumor suppressor gene p53. Here, we show that the p53 family member TAp73 also drives the expression of GLS2. Specifically, we demonstrate that TAp73 regulates GLS2 during retinoic acid-induced terminal neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, and overexpression or inhibition of GLS2 modulates neuronal differentiation and intracellular levels of ATP. Moreover, inhibition of GLS activity, by removing Glutamine from the growth medium, impairs in vitro differentiation of cortical neurons. Finally, expression of GLS2 increases during mouse cerebellar development. Although, p73 is dispensable for the in vivo expression of GLS2, TAp73 loss affects GABA and Glutamate levels in cortical neurons. Together, these findings suggest a role for GLS2 acting, at least in part, downstream of p73 in neuronal differentiation and highlight a possible role of p73 in regulating neurotransmitter synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Velletri
- Medical Research Council; Toxicology Unit; Leicester University; Leicester, UK; Institute of Health Sciences; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
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