Enhancing the technofunctionality of γ-aminobutyric acid enriched germinated wheat by modification of arabinoxylan, gluten proteins and liquid lamella of dough

To enhance the technofunctionality of germinated wheat enriched with γ-aminobutyric acid, xylanase (Xyn) and glucose oxidase (Gox) were incorporated with emphasis on modifying the key components. Combination of Xyn and Gox enhanced steamed bread quality with optimum loaf volume and textural property. Continuous and dense gluten network was facilitated and improved viscoelasticity of dough. Water solubility of arabinoxylan (AX) enhanced with Xyn and the molecular weight was more homogeneous distributed throughout bread making process with Xyn and Gox. Polymerization behavior of α-/γ-gliadin and glutenin was suppressed in steamed bread, while incorporation of AX to insoluble proteins was enhanced by enzymes. In addition, the promoted formation of high molecular weight glycoprotein in the liquid lamella of dough enhanced the thermal stability of foams and contribute to superior quality of steamed bread. Results demonstrated that germinated wheat could be exploited as a functional ingredient with desirable technofunctionality by modification of the components.

Effects of exogenous Ca2+ on phenolic accumulation and physiological changes in germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under UV-B radiation

Exogenous Ca²⁺ affects the phenolic metabolism and physiological indices of germinated wheat under ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, but the mechanism is unclear. The current study applied exogenous Ca²⁺ and Ca²⁺ channel blocker LaCl₃ to the germinated wheat under UV-B radiation to unravel the role of Ca²⁺. The results indicated that total phenolic content (TPC) of the 4-day germinated wheat under UV-B radiation with CaCl₂ (UV-B+Ca) treatment significantly increased by 10.3% as compared to the UV-B treatment. Gene expression levels of p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase were positively correlated with the content of ferulic and p-coumaric acids, respectively. Exogenous Ca²⁺ could significantly alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidation, activate the antioxidant enzymes and regulate the phytohormone level under UV-B radiation. This study suggested that exogenous Ca²⁺ participated in the phenolic metabolism and physiological regulation in germinated wheat under UV-B radiation.