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Zhao Z, Hao Y, Liu Y, Shi Y, Lin X, Wang L, Wen P, Hu X, Li J. Comprehensive evaluation of aroma and taste properties of different parts from the wampee fruit. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100835. [PMID: 37636899 PMCID: PMC10457502 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wampee is a tropical fruit having high medicinal value. To fully realize the fruit's potential, it is essential to reveal the flavor characteristics. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the aroma and taste profiles of different parts from the wampee fruit was conducted. The aroma profile was analyzed by E-nose, and 67 volatile components were identified through HS-SPME-GC-MS. Among them, 11 were considered as crucial compounds. Additionally, 42 volatile components were identified by HS-GC-IMS, with 22 compounds showing a variable importance in projection scores greater than 1.0. Moreover, the taste profile and representative compounds were analyzed by E-tongue and HPLC, and 12 compounds were considered as important taste contributors based on taste activity value. These findings shed light on the various compounds responsible for the unique aroma and taste of the wampee fruit, providing theoretical foundation for exploring ways for its comprehensive utilization and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yaofei Hao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yousheng Shi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xue Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Pan Wen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jianxun Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang L, Yin M, Zheng Y, Xu CH, Tao NP, Wu X, Wang X. Brackish water improves the taste quality in meat of adult male Eriocheir sinensis during the postharvest temporary rearing. Food Chem 2020; 343:128409. [PMID: 33218856 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of temporary rearing in brackish water on the taste quality in meat of crab cooked. The main salinity-responsive factors included 5'-nucleotides and free amino acids (FAAs) in crab meat that were identified using tri-step infrared spectroscopy. Compared to the fresh water group, the contents of 5'-adenosine monophosphate and 5'-inosine monophosphate in the brackish water group significantly increased in the 2nd week and decreased in the 6th week, respectively. The contribution ratio of umami FAAs increased from 8.1 to 13.5% in the 4th week in the brackish water group, showing maximum value of equivalent umami concentration. Moreover, Ca2+ and Cl- contents significantly increased in the 4th and 6th weeks, respectively (P < 0.05). Infrared spectroscopy was an effective method to identify the taste components. With respect to the taste quality, four weeks were determined as the best period for temporary rearing of the crab in brackish water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mingyu Yin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chang-Hua Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ning-Ping Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xugan Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xichang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Niu B, Zheng FH, Xu JP. Protective effect of gui zhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi) on abnormal levels of four amino acid neurotransmitters by chronically ma huang (Herb Ephedra) intoxicated prefrontal cortex in rats treated with a ma huang-gui zhi herb pair. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 249:112408. [PMID: 31751653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Herb Ephedra (Ma Huang in Chinese)-Ramulus Cinnamomi (Gui Zhi in Chinese) herb pair is a classic traditional Chinese herb pair used to treat asthma, nose and lung congestion, and fever with anhidrosis. In previous study, we found that chronic administration of ma huang induced obvious neurodegeneration in rat brains, with the prefrontal cortex showing the greatest effect. Gui zhi decreased hyperactivity produced by repeated ma huang administration, and attenuated oxidative stress in rat prefrontal cortex induced by ma huang. AIM OF THE STUDY The study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of gui zhi on ma huang-induced abnormal levels of four amino acid neurotransmitters in rat prefrontal cortex. MATERIALS AND METHODS All ma huang and ma huang-gui zhi herb pair extracts were prepared using methods of traditional Chinese medicine and were normalized based on the ephedrine content. Two-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 rats/group) were administered ma huang or ma huang-gui zhi herb pair extracts for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days (ephedrine = 48 mg/kg). The contents of ephedrine, glutamate (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), glycine (Gly), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the prefrontal cortex were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) at 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 h after administration. RESULTS Ma huang significantly enhanced the levels of GABA, Gly, Glu and Asp in the prefrontal cortex, while gui zhi partially abolished the effects. CONCLUSIONS Ma huang-induced neurotoxicity may be associated with its effects on amino acid neurotransmitters. Gui zhi is a promising neuroprotective agent against for ma huang-induced neurotoxicity. The information presented in this study will help supplement the available data for future ma huang-gui zhi herb pair compatibility studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Fang-Hao Zheng
- Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, PR China.
| | - Jiang-Ping Xu
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
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Zhang M, Suo Z, Peng X, Gan N, Zhao L, Tang P, Wei X, Li H. Microcrystalline cellulose as an effective crystal growth inhibitor for the ternary Ibrutinib formulation. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115476. [PMID: 31826488 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of present study is to explore whether polysaccharide could be a crystal growth inhibitor in poorly soluble antitumor drug Ibrutinib (IBR) formulation. In this work, small molecular ligands (amino or organic acids) in co-amorphous system (CAS) were preliminarily screened. A polysaccharide, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was selected to stabilize amorphous drug and enhance pharmacokinetic properties. Fourier-transform infrared, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the ionic interaction of the ternary IBR formulation. Moreover, the biosafety of the ternary formulation was the same as that of IBR while the in vitro performance advantage of the ternary formulation was converted into higher bioavailability in vivo experiments. Overall, MCC as an effective crystal growth inhibitor in the novel ternary IBR formulation is a promising approach to improve the dissolution rate of crystalline drugs and the stability of amorphous drugs, as well as providing a theoretical basis for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zili Suo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xu Peng
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Na Gan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ludan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Peixiao Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xin Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Xin G, Gong X, Wang Y, Wang L, Sun B. Umami taste and its association with energy status in harvested Pleurotus geesteranus stored at different temperatures. Food Chem 2018; 279:179-186. [PMID: 30611477 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pleurotus geesteranus has recently been gaining popularity due to its strong umami taste. In the present study, umami taste, energy level, and energy metabolism-related enzymes activity in harvested P. geesteranus, stored at 20, 10, 5, and 0 °C, were investigated to evaluate the relationship between umami taste and energy status. Results showed that the mushroom at 5 °C exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) equivalent umami concentration (EUC), higher content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and higher activity of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) in late storage. AMP, associating umami taste with energy, presented a significantly positive correlation with EUC and umami determined by electronic tongue at 5 °C. Furthermore, there were better correlations between umami taste and energy status of mushroom at 5 °C. The results suggest that higher energy status of post-harvest P. geesteranus contributes to better umami taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Guang Xin
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xue Gong
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yudi Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Bingxin Sun
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Frassinetti S, Moccia E, Caltavuturo L, Gabriele M, Longo V, Bellani L, Giorgi G, Giorgetti L. Nutraceutical potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds and sprouts. Food Chem 2018; 262:56-66. [PMID: 29751921 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study the antioxidant effect of Cannabis sativa L. seeds and sprouts (3 and 5 days of germination) was evaluated. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and flavonols content, when expressed on dry weight basis, were highest in sprouts; ORAC and DPPH (in vitro assays), CAA-RBC (cellular antioxidant activity in red blood cells) and hemolysis test (ex vivo assays) evidenced a good antioxidant activity higher in sprouts than in seeds. Untargeted analysis by high resolution mass spectrometry in negative ion mode allowed the identification of main polyphenols (caffeoyltyramine, cannabisin A, B, C) in seeds and of ω-6 (linoleic acid) in sprouts. Antimutagenic effect of seeds and sprouts extracts evidenced a significant decrease of mutagenesis induced by hydrogen peroxide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain. In conclusion our results show that C. sativa seeds and sprouts exert beneficial effects on yeast and human cells and should be further investigated as a potential functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Frassinetti
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Research Unit of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Moccia
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Research Unit of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Caltavuturo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Research Unit of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Morena Gabriele
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Research Unit of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Research Unit of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenza Bellani
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Research Unit of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Giorgetti
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Research Unit of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Dai W, Xie D, Lu M, Li P, Lv H, Yang C, Peng Q, Zhu Y, Guo L, Zhang Y, Tan J, Lin Z. Characterization of white tea metabolome: Comparison against green and black tea by a nontargeted metabolomics approach. Food Res Int 2017; 96:40-45. [PMID: 28528106 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
White tea is considered the least processed form of tea and is reported to have a series of potent bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and anti-cancer activities. However, the chemical composition of white tea and the dynamic changes of the metabolites during the manufacturing process are far from clear. In this study, we applied a nontargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS) to comprehensively profile the characteristic metabolites of white tea. There were significant differences in the content of amino acids, catechins, dimeric catechins, flavonol and flavone glycosides, and aroma precursors in white tea compared with green and black teas that were manufactured from the same fresh tea leaves. Furthermore, the dynamic changes of the metabolites in the tea samples with various withering durations of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 36 h were also profiled. This study offers a comprehensive characterization of the metabolites and their changes in white tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Dongchao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Meiling Lu
- Agilent Technologies (China) Limited, No. 3 Wangjing North Road, Chaoyang Distr., Beijing 100102, PR China
| | - Pengliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Haipeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Qunhua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China
| | - Junfeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China.
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling South Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, PR China.
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Skwara P, Schömig E, Gründemann D. A novel mode of operation of SLC22A11: Membrane insertion of estrone sulfate versus translocation of uric acid and glutamate. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 128:74-82. [PMID: 28027879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Estrone sulfate alias estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) is considerably larger and much more hydrophobic than typical substrates of SLC22 transporters. It is puzzling that many otherwise unrelated transporters have been reported to transport E3S. Here we scrutinized the mechanism of transport of E3S by SLC22A11 (alias OAT4), by direct comparison with uric acid (UA), an important physiological substrate. Heterologous expression of SLC22A11 in human 293 cells gave rise to a huge unidirectional efflux of glutamate (Glu) and aspartate, as determined by LC-MS/MS. The uptake of E3S was 20-fold faster than the uptake of UA. Yet, the outward transport of Glu was inhibited by extracellular E3S, but not by UA. The release of E3S after preloading was trans-stimulated by extracellular dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), but neither by UA nor 6-carboxyfluorescein (6CF). The equilibrium accumulation of E3S was enhanced 3-fold by replacement of chloride with gluconate, but the opposite effect was observed for UA. These results establish that SLC22A11 provides entirely different transport mechanisms for E3S and UA. Therefore, E3S must not be used as a substitute for UA to assay the function of SLC22A11. In equilibrium accumulation experiments, the transporter-mediated uptake was a linear function of the concentration of UA and 6CF. By contrast, in the same concentration range the graph for E3S was hyperbolic. This suggests that SLC22A11 inserts E3S into a small volume with limited capacity, the plasma membrane. Our data support the notion that the reverse process, extraction from the membrane, is also catalyzed by the carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Skwara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Edgar Schömig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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