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Batke SP, Yiotis C, Elliott-Kingston C, Holohan A, McElwain J. Plant responses to decadal scale increments in atmospheric CO 2 concentration: comparing two stomatal conductance sampling methods. Planta 2020; 251:52. [PMID: 31950281 PMCID: PMC6965045 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that the species respond non-linearly to increases in CO2 concentration when exposed to decadal changes in CO2, representing the year 1987, 2025, 2051, and 2070, respectively. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that the vast majority of C3 plants respond to elevated atmospheric CO2 by decreasing their stomatal conductance (gs). However, in the majority of CO2 enrichment studies, the response to elevated CO2 are tested between plants grown under ambient (380-420 ppm) and high (538-680 ppm) CO2 concentrations and measured usually at single time points in a diurnal cycle. We investigated gs responses to simulated decadal increments in CO2 predicted over the next 4 decades and tested how measurements of gs may differ when two alternative sampling methods are employed (infrared gas analyzer [IRGA] vs. leaf porometer). We exposed Populus tremula, Popolus tremuloides and Sambucus racemosa to four different CO2 concentrations over 126 days in experimental growth chambers at 350, 420, 490 and 560 ppm CO2; representing the years 1987, 2025, 2051, and 2070, respectively (RCP4.5 scenario). Our study demonstrated that the species respond non-linearly to increases in CO2 concentration when exposed to decadal changes in CO2. Under natural conditions, maximum operational gs is often reached in the late morning to early afternoon, with a mid-day depression around noon. However, we showed that the daily maximum gs can, in some species, shift later into the day when plants are exposed to only small increases (70 ppm) in CO2. A non-linear decreases in gs and a shifting diurnal stomatal behavior under elevated CO2, could affect the long-term daily water and carbon budget of many plants in the future, and therefore alter soil-plant-atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Peter Batke
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, St. Helen's Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Charilaos Yiotis
- Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Elliott-Kingston
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aidan Holohan
- School Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer McElwain
- Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Dublin, Ireland
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Bao Y, Zarecor S, Shah D, Tuel T, Campbell DA, Chapman AVE, Imberti D, Kiekhaefer D, Imberti H, Lübberstedt T, Yin Y, Nettleton D, Lawrence-Dill CJ, Whitham SA, Tang L, Howell SH. Assessing plant performance in the Enviratron. Plant Methods 2019; 15:117. [PMID: 31660060 PMCID: PMC6806530 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the impact of the environment on plant performance requires growing plants under controlled environmental conditions. Plant phenotypes are a product of genotype × environment (G × E), and the Enviratron at Iowa State University is a facility for testing under controlled conditions the effects of the environment on plant growth and development. Crop plants (including maize) can be grown to maturity in the Enviratron, and the performance of plants under different environmental conditions can be monitored 24 h per day, 7 days per week throughout the growth cycle. RESULTS The Enviratron is an array of custom-designed plant growth chambers that simulate different environmental conditions coupled with precise sensor-based phenotypic measurements carried out by a robotic rover. The rover has workflow instructions to periodically visit plants growing in the different chambers where it measures various growth and physiological parameters. The rover consists of an unmanned ground vehicle, an industrial robotic arm and an array of sensors including RGB, visible and near infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral, thermal, and time-of-flight (ToF) cameras, laser profilometer and pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer. The sensors are autonomously positioned for detecting leaves in the plant canopy, collecting various physiological measurements based on computer vision algorithms and planning motion via "eye-in-hand" movement control of the robotic arm. In particular, the automated leaf probing function that allows the precise placement of sensor probes on leaf surfaces presents a unique advantage of the Enviratron system over other types of plant phenotyping systems. CONCLUSIONS The Enviratron offers a new level of control over plant growth parameters and optimizes positioning and timing of sensor-based phenotypic measurements. Plant phenotypes in the Enviratron are measured in situ-in that the rover takes sensors to the plants rather than moving plants to the sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Bao
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Present Address: Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, 213 Corley Building, 350 Mell St, Auburn, AL 36830 USA
| | - Scott Zarecor
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Dylan Shah
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Present Address: The Faboratory, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave, ML 118, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Taylor Tuel
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Darwin A. Campbell
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Antony V. E. Chapman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Dan Nettleton
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Carolyn J. Lawrence-Dill
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Lie Tang
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Stephen H. Howell
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
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