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Chen T, Wu S, Feng L, Long S, Liu Y, Lu W, Chen W, Hong G, Zhou L, Wang F, Luo Y, Zou H. The Association of HDL2b with Metabolic Syndrome Among Normal HDL-C Populations in Southern China. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:363-377. [PMID: 38288339 PMCID: PMC10822767 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s446859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The annual prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing. Therefore, early screening and recognition of MetS are critical. This study aimed to evaluate the association between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses and MetS and to examine whether they could serve as early indicators in a Chinese community-based population with normal high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Methods We used microfluidic chip technology to measure HDL subclasses in 463 people with normal HDL levels in 2018. We assessed how HDL subclasses correlated with and predicted insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), evaluated by homeostatic model insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and the 2009 International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) criteria, respectively. We used correlation tests and ROC curves for the analysis. Results The results indicate that there was a negative association between HDL2b% and the risk of IR and MetS in both sexes. Subjects in the highest quartile of HDL2b% had a significantly lower prevalence of IR and MetS than those in the lowest quartile (P<0.01). Correlation analysis between HDL2b% and metabolic risk factors showed that HDL2b% had a stronger association with these factors than HDL-C did in both sexes. ROC curve analysis also showed that HDL2b% had significant diagnostic value for IR and MetS compared to other lipid indicators. Conclusion This study showed that MetS alters the distribution of HDL subclasses even when HDL-C levels are within the normal range. HDL-2b% has better diagnostic value for IR and MetS than HDL-C alone and may be a useful marker for early screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiquan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - SiYu Long
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - WenQian Lu
- Department of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenya Chen
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoai Hong
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuechan Luo
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hequn Zou
- Department of Nephrology, South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Huang C, Zhang J, Huang J, Li H, Wen K, Bao J, Wu X, Sun R, Abudukeremu A, Wang Y, He Z, Chen Q, Huang X, Wang H, Zhang Y. Proteomic and functional analysis of HDL subclasses in humans and rats: a proof-of-concept study. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:86. [PMID: 37386457 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The previous study investigated whether the functions of small, medium, and large high density lipoprotein (S/M/L-HDL) are correlated with protein changes in mice. Herein, the proteomic and functional analyses of high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses were performed in humans and rats. METHODS After purifying S/M/L-HDL subclasses from healthy humans (n = 6) and rats (n = 3) using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) with calcium silica hydrate (CSH) resin, the proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry was conducted, as well as the capacities of cholesterol efflux and antioxidation was measured. RESULTS Of the 120 and 106 HDL proteins identified, 85 and 68 proteins were significantly changed in concentration among the S/M/L-HDL subclasses in humans and rats, respectively. Interestingly, it was found that the relatively abundant proteins in the small HDL (S-HDL) and large HDL (L-HDL) subclasses did not overlap, both in humans and in rats. Next, by searching for the biological functions of the relatively abundant proteins in the HDL subclasses via Gene Ontology, it was displayed that the relatively abundant proteins involved in lipid metabolism and antioxidation were enriched more in the medium HDL (M-HDL) subclass than in the S/L-HDL subclasses in humans, whereas in rats, the relatively abundant proteins associated with lipid metabolism and anti-oxidation were enriched in M/L-HDL and S/M-HDL, respectively. Finally, it was confirmed that M-HDL and L-HDL had the highest cholesterol efflux capacity among the three HDL subclasses in humans and rats, respectively; moreover, M-HDL exhibited higher antioxidative capacity than S-HDL in both humans and rats. CONCLUSIONS The S-HDL and L-HDL subclasses are likely to have different proteomic components during HDL maturation, and results from the proteomics-based comparison of the HDL subclasses may explain the associated differences in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canxia Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Kexin Wen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jinlan Bao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Comprehensive Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Runlu Sun
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ayiguli Abudukeremu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhijian He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qiaofei Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic & Cardiovascular Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Matsushima-Nagata K, Sugiuchi H, Anraku K, Takao T, Kondo Y, Ishitsuka Y, Irikura M, Irie T, Matsumura T, Araki E, Sumida M, Katayama Y, Kayahara N. A homogeneous assay to determine high-density lipoprotein subclass cholesterol in serum. Anal Biochem 2020; 613:114019. [PMID: 33189705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Existing methods to measure high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) subclasses (HDL2-C and HDL3-C) are complex and require proficiency, and thus there is a need for a convenient, homogeneous assay to determine HDL-C subclasses in serum. Here, cholesterol reactivities in lipoprotein fractions [HDL2, HDL3, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)] toward polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified enzymes were determined in the presence of varying concentrations of dextran sulfate and magnesium nitrate. Particle sizes formed in the lipoprotein fractions were measured by dynamic light scattering. We optimized the concentrations of dextran sulfate and magnesium nitrate before assay with PEG-modified enzymes to provide selectivity for HDL3-C. On addition of dextran sulfate and magnesium nitrate, the sizes of particles of HDL2, LDL, and VLDL increased, but the size of HDL3 fraction particles remained constant, allowing only HDL3-C to participate in coupled reactions with the PEG-modified enzymes. In serum from both healthy volunteers and patients with type 2 diabetes, a good correlation was observed between the proposed assay and ultracentrifugation in the determination of HDL-C subclasses. The assay proposed here enables convenient and accurate determination of HDL-C subclasses in serum on a general automatic analyzer and enables low-cost routine diagnosis without preprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Takako Takao
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ishitsuka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Irikura
- Laboratory of Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsumi Irie
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsumura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sumida
- Research Center, Hitachi Chemical Diagnostics Systems Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Katayama
- Research Center, Hitachi Chemical Diagnostics Systems Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
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Horiuchi Y, Ohkawa R, Lai SJ, Yamazaki A, Ikoma H, Yano K, Kameda T, Tozuka M. Characterization of the cholesterol efflux of apolipoprotein E-containing high-density lipoprotein in THP-1 cells. Biol Chem 2019; 400:209-218. [PMID: 30210053 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL), also known as antiatherogenic lipoprotein, consists of heterogeneous particles in terms of size, density and composition, suggesting differences among HDL subclasses in characteristics and functions. We investigated the role of apolipoprotein E (apoE)-containing HDL, a minor HDL subclass, in the cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of HDL, which is its predominant atheroprotective function. The CEC of apoE-containing HDL was similar to that of apoE-deficient HDL, but the former exhibited a greater rate increase (1.48-fold) compared to that of the latter (1.10-fold) by the stimulation of THP-1 macrophages with the Liver X Receptor (LXR) agonist. No difference in CEC was observed without the LXR agonist between apoA-I, the main apolipoprotein in HDL, and apoE, whereas the increase in CEC in response to treatment with the LXR agonist was greater for apoA-I (4.25-fold) than for apoE (2.22-fold). Furthermore, the increase in the CEC of apoE-containing HDL induced by the LXR agonist was significantly reduced by treatment with glyburide, an inhibitor of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). These results suggest that apoE-containing HDL, unlike apoE-deficient HDL, is involved in cholesterol efflux via ABCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Horiuchi
- Department of Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Ohkawa
- Department of Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shao-Jui Lai
- Department of Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Azusa Yamazaki
- Department of Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hayato Ikoma
- Clinical Laboratory, Hamamatsu University Hospital, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kouji Yano
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kameda
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, 5-23-22 Nishikamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan
| | - Minoru Tozuka
- Department of Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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5
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Woudberg NJ, Mendham AE, Katz AA, Goedecke JH, Lecour S. Exercise intervention alters HDL subclass distribution and function in obese women. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:232. [PMID: 30301473 PMCID: PMC6178267 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with a change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function and subclass. Exercise training reduces cardiovascular risk in obese patients. We aimed to explore the effect of an exercise training stimulus on HDL functionality and subclass in obese women. METHODS Thirty-two obese black South African women were randomly assigned to exercise (combined aerobic and resistance exercise) or control (no exercise) conditions for 12-weeks. Pre- and post-testing included venous blood sampling for analysis of lipid profile and HDL functionality, by measuring cellular cholesterol efflux capacity, reduction in endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) expression (anti-inflammatory function), paraoxonase (PON) (antioxidative function) and platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) activities (anti-thrombotic function). PON-1 and PAF-AH expression were determined in serum and in isolated HDL using Western blotting. Levels of large, intermediate and small HDL subclasses were measured using the Lipoprint® system. RESULTS Exercise training resulted in a decrease in body mass index (- 1.0 ± 0.5% vs + 1.2 ± 0.6%, p = 0.010), PON activity (- 8.7 ± 2.4% vs + 1.1 ± 3.0%, p = 0.021), PAF-AH serum expression (- 22.1 ± 8.0% vs + 16.9 ± 9.8, p = 0.002), and the distribution of small HDL subclasses (- 10.1 ± 5.4% vs + 15.7 ± 6.6%, p = 0.004) compared to controls. Exercise did not alter HDL cellular cholesterol efflux capacity and anti-inflammatory function. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the potential for exercise training to modify HDL subclass distribution and HDL function in obese women. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trials number: PACTR201711002789113 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Woudberg
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arieh A Katz
- UCT Research Unit for Receptor biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Woudberg NJ, Pedretti S, Lecour S, Schulz R, Vuilleumier N, James RW, Frias MA. Pharmacological Intervention to Modulate HDL: What Do We Target? Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:989. [PMID: 29403378 PMCID: PMC5786575 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have traditionally served as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. As such, novel therapeutic interventions aiming to raise HDL cholesterol have been tested in the clinical setting. However, most trials led to a significant increase in HDL cholesterol with no improvement in cardiovascular events. The complexity of the HDL particle, which exerts multiple physiological functions and is comprised of a number of subclasses, has raised the question as to whether there should be more focus on HDL subclass and function rather than cholesterol quantity. We review current data regarding HDL subclasses and subclass-specific functionality and highlight how current lipid modifying drugs such as statins, cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, fibrates and niacin often increase cholesterol concentrations of specific HDL subclasses. In addition this review sets out arguments suggesting that the HDL3 subclass may provide better protective effects than HDL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Woudberg
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and South African Medical Research Council Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah Pedretti
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and South African Medical Research Council Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialities, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and South African Medical Research Council Inter-University Cape Heart Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard W James
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialities, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Frias
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialities, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Abstract
Low HDL is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction. This paper reviews our current understanding of HDL, HDL structure and function, HDL subclasses, the relationship of low HDL with myocardial infarction, HDL targeted therapy, and clinical trials and studies. Furthermore potential new agents, such as alirocumab (praluent) and evolocumab (repatha) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramirez
- University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA. ; Riverside Medical Clinic, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - P P Hu
- University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA. ; Riverside Medical Clinic, Riverside, CA, USA
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