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Kapo N, Omeragić J, Goletić Š, Šabić E, Softić A, Smajlović A, Mujezinović I, Škapur V, Goletić T. First Report of Benzimidazole Resistance in Field Population of Haemonchus contortus from Sheep, Goats and Cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pathogens 2024; 13:77. [PMID: 38251384 PMCID: PMC10818805 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a globally significant parasitic nematode in ruminants, with widespread resistance to benzimidazole due to its excessive and prolonged use. Given the extensive use of benzimidazole anthelmintics in Bosnia and Herzegovina, we hypothesized that resistance is prevalent. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of anthelmintic resistance to benzimidazole in H. contortus from naturally infected sheep, goats and cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the detection of the Phe/Tyr polymorphism in the amino acid at position 200 of the β-tubulin protein. From 19 locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a total of 83 adult H. contortus were collected from the abomasum of ruminants. Among these, 45 H. contortus specimens were isolated from sheep, 19 from goats and 19 from cattle. Results showed that 77.8% of H. contortus in sheep exhibited homozygous resistant genotypes at position 200 of the β-tubulin gene, with 15.5% being heterozygous. In goats, all tested H. contortus (100%) were homozygous resistant, and no heterozygous resistant or homozygous sensitive genotypes were found. Cattle had 94.7% homozygous resistant H. contortus, with no heterozygous resistant genotypes detected. In H. contortus from sheep and cattle, 6.7% and 5.3%, respectively, displayed homozygous sensitive genotypes. This study, for the first time, highlights the presence of a resistant population of H. contortus in sheep, goats and cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina, using the rt-qPCR method. The resistance likely spread from sheep or goats to cattle, facilitated by shared pastures and the practice of transhumance, indicating a widespread and growing issue of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naida Kapo
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Jasmin Omeragić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Šejla Goletić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Emina Šabić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Adis Softić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Ahmed Smajlović
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Indira Mujezinović
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Vedad Škapur
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Teufik Goletić
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (J.O.); (Š.G.); (E.Š.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (I.M.); (T.G.)
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Hasan MW, Ehsan M, Wang Q, Haseeb M, Lakho SA, Haider A, Lu M, Xu L, Song X, Yan R, Li X. PLGA-Encapsulated Haemonchus contortus Antigen ES-15 Augments Immune Responses in a Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1794. [PMID: 38140198 PMCID: PMC10748113 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a gastrointestinal parasite that adversely impacts small ruminants, resulting in a notable reduction in animal productivity. In the current investigation, we developed a nanovaccine by encapsulating the recombinant protein rHcES-15, sourced from the excretory/secretory products of H. contortus, within biodegradable poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). The development of this nanovaccine involved the formulation of PLGA NPs using a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)verified the successful encapsulation of rHcES-15 within PLGA NPs, exhibiting a size range of 350-400 nm. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the antigen in the nanovaccine was determined to be 72%. A total of forty experimental mice were allocated into five groups, with the nanovaccine administered on day 0 and the mice euthanized at the end of the 14-day trial. The stimulation index (SI) from the mice subjected to the nanovaccine indicated heightened lymphocyte proliferation (*** p < 0.001) and a noteworthy increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17). Additionally, the percentages of T-cells (CD4+, CD8+) and dendritic cell phenotypes (CD83+, CD86+) were significantly elevated (** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001) in mice inoculated with the nanovaccine compared to control groups and the rHcES-15 group. Correspondingly, higher levels of antigen-specific serum immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2a, IgM) were observed in response to the nanovaccine in comparison to both the antigenic (rHcES-15) and control groups (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). In conclusion, the data strongly supports the proposal that the encapsulation of rHcES-15 within PLGA NPs effectively triggers immune cells in vivo, ultimately enhancing the antigen-specific adaptive immune responses against H. contortus. This finding underscores the promising potential of the nanovaccine, justifying further investigations to definitively ascertain its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqqas Hasan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Muhammad Ehsan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan
| | - Qiangqiang Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Lakho
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Ali Haider
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.W.H.); (M.E.); (Q.W.); (M.H.); (S.A.L.); (A.H.); (M.L.); (L.X.); (X.S.)
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