Laparoscopic liver resection or enucleation for giant hepatic hemangioma: how to choose?

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic treatment has been increasingly adopted for giant hepatic hemangioma (HH), but the role of liver resection or enucleation remains uncertain. The aim of this study is to compare the laparoscopic resection (LR) with laparoscopic enucleation (LE) for HH, and to provide evidence on how to choose the most suitable approach for HH.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of HH patients underwent laparoscopic treatment between March 2015 and August 2022 was performed. Perioperative outcomes were compared based on the surgical approaches, and risk factors for increased blood loss was calculated by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 127 patients in LR group and 287 patients in LE group were enrolled in this study. The median blood loss (300 vs. 200 mL, P < 0.001) was higher in LE group than that in LR group. Independent risk factors for blood loss higher than 400 mL were tumor size ≥ 10 cm, tumor adjacent to major vessels, tumor occupying right liver or caudate lobe, and the portal phase enhancement ratio (PER) ≥ 38.9%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that LR was associated with less blood loss (155 vs. 400 mL, P < 0.001) than LE procedure in patients with high PER value. Both LR and LE approaches exhibited similar perioperative outcomes in patients with low PER value.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic treatment for HH could be feasibly and safely performed by both LE and LR. For patients with PER higher than 38.9%, the LR approach is recommended.

Patient with a novel syndrome with multiple benign hepatic lesions and extrahepatic neoplasms

Simultaneous occurrence of benign hepatic lesions of different types is a sporadic phenomenon. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first clinical case of a syndrome with simultaneous manifestations of three different entities of benign liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia and hemangioma) with a novel mutation detected in the liver adenoma and in the presence of a number of further extrahepatic organ neoplasms. Furthermore, we describe for the first time the presence of liver epithelial cells of hepatocytic phenotype expressing cytokeratin 7 (CK7) at the border of the adenoma. These findings may be important for explaining pathogenesis of benign as well as malignant tumors based on genetic and histopathological features.

[Heart failure caused by congenital hepatic hemangioma complicated with arteriovenous fistula in a neonate]

The three-day-old female infant was admitted to the hospital due to respiratory distress after birth. She was born premature at 36+2 weeks gestational age. Prenatal ultrasound suggested abnormal development of the fetal liver vessels, and she had dyspnea that required respiratory support after birth. Chest X-ray indicated an enlarged cardiac silhouette, and cardiac ultrasound revealed enlargement of the right atrium and right ventricle. Diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma with arteriovenous fistula was confirmed through liver ultrasound and abdominal enhanced CT. At 19 days old, she underwent ligation of the hepatic artery under general anesthesia, which led to an improvement in cardiac function and she was subsequently discharged. Genetic testing revealed a mutation in the ACVRL1 gene, which was inherited from the mother. The article primarily introduces a case of neonatal heart failure caused by hepatic hemangioma with arteriovenous fistula, and multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

A Liver-Derived Vascular Lesion: Hepatic Hemangioma or Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma?

Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an uncommon vascular endothelial cell tumor of the liver with numerous symptoms and features. The median affected age is 41, and females are more frequently affected than men. In the following article, a 37-year-old nurse is presented who was referred to the hospital with severe right upper quadrant pain. She had been misdiagnosed with hepatic hemangioma for years, which finally turned out to be hepatic EHE. Liver transplantation has been recognized as the therapeutic method of choice due to the considerable extent of liver involvement and nonresponse to medications.

Risk factors analysis of surgical complications of hepatic hemangioma: a modified Clavien-Dindo classification-based study

PURPOSE

There are few studies on the risk factors of postoperative complications after surgical treatment of hepatic hemangioma (HH). This study aims to provide a more scientific reference for clinical treatment.

METHODS

The clinical characteristics and operation data of HH patients undergoing surgical treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from January 2011 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected. All enrolled patients were divided into two groups based on the modified Clavien-Dindo classification: Major group (Grade II/III/IV/V) and Minor group (Grade I and no complications). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for massive intraoperative blood loss (IBL) and postoperative Grade II and above complications.

RESULTS

A total of 596 patients were enrolled, with a median age of 46.0 years (range, 22-75 years). Patients with Grade II/III/IV/V complications were included in the Major group (n = 119, 20%), and patients with Grade I and no complications were included in the Minor group (n = 477, 80%). The results of multivariate analysis of Grade II/III/IV/V complications showed that operative duration, IBL, and tumor size increased the risk of Grade II/III/IV/V complications. Conversely, serum creatinine (sCRE) decreased the risk. The results of multivariate analysis of IBL showed that tumor size, surgical method, and operative duration increased the risk of IBL.

CONCLUSIONS

Operative duration, IBL, tumor size, and surgical method are independent risk factors that should be paid attention to in HH surgery. In addition, as an independent protective factor for HH surgery, sCRE should attract more attention from scholars.

Thermal ablation of hepatic hemangioma: A multi-center experience with long-term outcomes

BACKGROUND

Thermal ablation, currently used extensively for liver tumors, also has been applied. successfully to hepatic hemangioma; however, it is still considered experimental because previous studies have comprised small sample sizes with short follow-up periods.

PURPOSE

We aimed to investigate the effectiveness, safety, and long-term outcomes of thermal ablation for hepatic hemangioma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From October 2011 to February 2021, the data of 357 patients with 378 hepatic hemangiomas treated by thermal ablation at six hospitals were analyzed in this retrospective study. The technical success, safety, and long-term follow-up results were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 252 patients (mean age, 49.2 ± 10.5 years) with 273 subcapsular hemangiomas underwent laparoscopic thermal ablation, whereas 105 patients with 105 hemangiomas located in the liver parenchyma underwent CT-guided percutaneous ablation. Of the 378 hepatic hemangiomas (5.0-21.2 cm), 369 lesions were subjected to one session of ablation, while 9 lesions were subjected to two sessions of ablation. Technical success was achieved in 100.0% of cases. Complete ablation was achieved in 361 of 378 hemangiomas (95.5%), while 17 hemangiomas (4.5%) were incompletely ablated, showing subtle enhancement at the peripheral rim. The major complication rate was 2.0% (7/357). The median follow-up period was 67 months (range, 12-124 months). Of the 224 patients with hemangioma-related symptoms, 216 demonstrated complete disappearance of symptoms (96.4%), while 8 were ameliorated (3.6%). Ablated lesion shrinkage was progressive, and 11.4% of hemangiomas almost completely disappeared over time (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

With a reasonable ablation strategy and comprehensive treatment measurements, thermal ablation could be a safe, feasible, and effective treatment option for hepatic hemangioma.

Hepatic hemangiomas with arterioportal shunt complicated a congestive heart failure: a case report

Diffuse miliary haemangiomatosis is a rare condition representing 2.5-3% of cases of cutaneous infantile haemangiomas. It is an efflorescence of five or more infantile cutaneous haemangiomas associated with visceral involvement, most commonly liver involvement. The severity is mainly related to the risk of congestive heart failure. These vascular anomalies are characterised by their clinical, evolutionary and structural polymorphism. The prognosis, whether aesthetic, psychological, functional or vital, is very heterogeneous, which conditions their frequently multidisciplinary management. The objective of this work is to report a complicated form of miliary hemangiomatosis illustrating clinical, radiological and biological particularities.

A pictorial essay

Hepatic hemangiomas (HHs) are the most common benign liver tumors in infancy, but despite their frequent occurrence, their radiologic appearance may be particularly challenging to assess, owing to unique anatomical and development features that distinguish their subtypes in the pediatric population. There are 3 main patterns of the lesions recognized in HHs: focal, multifocal and diffuse. Medical care strategies range from simple observation to surgery, and a timely diagnosis is crucial to establish the most appropriated clinical management and therapy. Ultrasound (US) is typically the first level examination of pediatric vascular anomalies, able to meet a satisfactory diagnosis and has proved very helpful to assess for involution through serial imaging. CT and MRI are second-level methods seldom performed, offering an anatomical panoramic view and clarification when US is non-conclusive. Histologic confirmation is rarely required. HHs show a variable sonographic appearance, with hypoechoic (mostly) or hyperechoic solitary\multifocal mass and wide features. Hepatic vessels assessment reveals an abnormal flow, enlarged vasa, decreased resistive index (RI) values, scarce blood supply distally to lesions and hyper vascular regions inside them. In this pictorial essay, we review HHs subtypes in further details, illustrate US, CT and MRI findings and clarify a recurrent dispute over the existing terminology.

Differentiation of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis with a hemangioma-like pattern compared to typical liver hemangioma using contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a pilot study

PURPOSE

Echinococcus multilocularis infects humans as a false intermediate host, primarily with intrahepatic manifestation. Incorrect diagnostic interpretation of these liver tumors, especially the hemangioma-like pattern, can lead to progressive disease. The aim of the study was to investigate the differentiation of typical hemangioma and a hemangioma-like pattern of E. multilocularis using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).

METHODS

This prospective clinical pilot study comprised patients with hemangioma (n = 14) and patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and hemangioma-like pattern (n = 7). Inclusion criteria were the detection of a liver lesion according to a hemangioma-like pattern on E. multilocularis Ulm classification-ultrasound (EMUC-US) and "confirmed" or "probable" AE according to WHO case definition. The comparison group had hepatic hemangioma with typical B-scan sonographic morphology. All participants underwent conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.

RESULTS

The patient group comprised five men (71.4%) and two women (28.6%) with a mean average age of 64.1 ± 11.2 years. The patient group with hemangioma comprised nine female subjects (64.3%) and five male subjects (35.7%) with a mean average age of 56.1 ± 12.0 years. Early arterial bulbous ring enhancement (p < 0.0001) and iris diaphragm phenomenon could only be visualized in the patients with hemangioma (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the patients with hemangioma exhibited hyperenhancement in the late phase (p = 0.0003). In contrast, the patients exhibited typical early arterial rim enhancement (p < 0.0001) and, in the portal venous and late phase, complete or incomplete non-enhancement (black hole sign; p = 0.0004).

CONSLUSION

The behavior of hemangioma-like AE lesions and typical liver hemangiomas is significantly different on CEUS. AE should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis, especially in high-endemic areas.

Benign liver lesions 2022: Guideline for clinical practice of Associazione Italiana Studio del Fegato (AISF), Società Italiana di Radiologia Medica e Interventistica (SIRM), Società Italiana di Chirurgia (SIC), Società Italiana di Ultrasonologia in Medicina e Biologia (SIUMB), Associazione Italiana di Chirurgia Epatobilio-Pancreatica (AICEP), Società Italiana Trapianti d'Organo (SITO), Società Italiana di Anatomia Patologica e Citologia Diagnostica (SIAPEC-IAP) - Part II - Solid lesions

Benign liver lesions are increasingly diagnosed in daily clinical practice due to the growing use of imaging techniques for the study of the abdomen in patients who have non-specific symptoms and do not have an increased risk of hepatic malignancy. They include simple or parasitic hepatic cysts and solid benign tumors which differ widely in terms of prevalence, clinical relevance, symptoms and natural history and often lead to significant clinical problems relating to diagnosis and clinical management. Following the need to have updated guidelines on the management of benign focal liver lesions, the Scientific Societies mainly involved in their management have promoted the drafting of a new dedicated document. This document was drawn up according to the present Italian rules and methodologies necessary to produce clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic guidelines based on evidence. Here we present the second part of the guideline, concerning the diagnosis and clinical management of hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hepatocellular adenoma.

Advantages of laparoscopic hepatic hemangioma surgery in quality of life: a prospective study

BACKGROUND

Surgical intervention is the most accurate method for the treatment of hepatic hemangioma. The advantages of laparoscopic surgery on quality of life should be clarified by prospective studies.

METHODS

The sample sizes of the laparoscopic and open surgery groups were calculated based on previous retrospective literature. Intraoperative and postoperative parameters were prospectively collected and analyzed. Quality of life in both groups was predicted by a mixed linear model.

RESULTS

Sixty patients were enrolled in the laparoscopic surgery group and open surgery group. The laparoscopic group had a longer operation time (P = 0.040) and more hospitalization expenses (P = 0.001); however, the Clavien-Dindo classification and comprehensive complication index suggested a lower incidence of surgical complications in the laparoscopic group, with P values of 0.049 and 0.002, respectively. After mixed linear model prediction, between-group analysis indicated that the laparoscopic group had little impact on role-physical functioning and role-emotional functioning; in addition, within-group analysis showed a rapid recovery time on role-physical functioning and role-emotional functioning in the laparoscopic group. Quality of life in both groups recovered to the preoperative level within 1 year after the operation.

CONCLUSION

The advantages of laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatic hemangioma were fewer postoperative complications, lower impact on quality of life and faster recovery from affected quality of life.

Location of Hemangioma is an Individual Risk Factor for Massive Bleeding in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

Background and Objectives:

The scope of laparoscopic surgery has expanded to encompass hepatic resections, specifically hepatic hemangioma. The most serious intraoperative complication is bleeding, often requiring laparotomy. Because risk factors associated with such massive blood loss have not been well evaluated, the intent of this retrospective study was to analyze these risk factors associated with laparoscopic resection of hepatic hemangiomas.

Methods:

From June 1, 2011 to January 31, 2021, 140 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic surgery for hepatic hemangioma in our hospital. According to quantity of intraoperative blood loss, they were divided into massive (≥ 800 ml) and minor blood loss (< 800 ml) groups. Perioperative data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses with logistic regression to identify the risk factors for potential massive blood loss during laparoscopic resection.

Results:

There were 24 and 116 patients in the massive and minor blood loss groups, respectively. Of four risk factors significantly associated with massive blood loss by univariate logistic regression analysis (location of hemangioma in the liver, postcaval or hepatic venous compression, hilar compression, and body mass index exceeding 28) the multifactorial logistic model identified only location in the liver of the hemangioma as statistically (P = 0.012) associated with intraoperative massive blood loss.

Conclusions:

Location of the hepatic hemangioma was the single statistically significant risk factor for massive blood loss during laparoscopic surgery for hepatic hemangioma. Of particular importance, location in Couinaud liver segments I, IVa, VII, and VIII necessitates precautions to mitigate the risk of massive blood loss.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its differential diagnosis at MRI: how radiologist should assess MR features

BACKGROUND

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common type of primary hepatic malignancy. Aim of this work is to analyse the features of ICC and its differential diagnosis at MRI, assessing two categories intraparenchymal and peribiliary lesions.

METHODS

The study population included 88 patients with histological diagnosis of ICCs: 61 with mass-forming type, 23 with periductal-infiltrating tumours and 4 with intraductal-growing type. As a control study groups, we identified: 86 consecutive patients with liver colorectal intrahepatic metastases (mCRC) (groups A); 35 consecutive patients with peribiliary metastases (groups B); 62 consecutive patients (groups C) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); 18 consecutive patients (groups D) with combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA); and 26 consecutive patients (groups E) with hepatic hemangioma. For all lesions, magnetic resonance (MR) features were assessed according to Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) version 2018. The liver-specific gadolinium ethoxybenzyl dimeglumine-EOB (Primovist, Bayer Schering Pharma, Germany), was employed. Chi-square test was employed to analyse differences in percentage values of categorical variable, while the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test for statistically significant differences between the median values of the continuous variables. However, false discovery rate adjustment according to Benjamin and Hochberg for multiple testing was considered.

RESULTS

T1- and T2-weighted signal intensity (SI), restricted diffusion, transitional phase (TP) and hepatobiliary phase (HP) aspects allowed the differentiation between study group (mass-forming ICCs) and each other control group (A, C, D, E) with statistical significance, while arterial phase (AP) appearance allowed the differentiation between study group and the control groups C and D with statistical significance and PP appearance allowed the differentiation between study group and the control groups A, C and D with statistical significance. Instead, no MR feature allowed the differentiation between study group (periductal-infiltrating type) and control group B.

CONCLUSION

T1 and T2 W SI, restricted diffusion, TP and HP appearance allowed the differentiation between mass-forming ICCs and mimickers with statistical significance, while AP appearance allowed the differentiation between study group and the control groups C and D with statistical significance and PP appearance allowed the differentiation between study group and the control groups A, C and D.

Application value of computer-assisted surgery system in pediatric hepatic hemangioma

PURPOSE

To explore the treatment of pediatric hepatic hemangioma and the role of the Hisense computer-assisted surgery (Hisense CAS) system in diagnosis and treatment.

METHODS

We collected the clinical and follow-up data of all pediatric hepatic hemangioma cases in our pediatric surgery department from March 2008 to March 2021 for retrospective analysis. The Hisense CAS system was used to create three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions based on computed tomography data.

RESULTS

There were 71 patients, mainly infants (prenatal to 39 months). There were more males than females (42 vs. 29), and the alpha-fetoprotein level was significantly increased in 8 cases. 3D reconstruction by the Hisense CAS system showed that hepatic artery tracking was helpful for the differential diagnosis of pediatric hepatic hemangioma. Twenty-three children treated with propranolol showed significant differences in the tumour diameter, volume, and tumour-to-liver volume ratio after treatment (all P < 0.05). Compared with early surgical treatment, the curative effect of this approach was obvious.

CONCLUSION

As a non-surgical treatment for symptomatic pediatric hepatic hemangioma, propranolol can replace surgical resection to a certain extent and reduce the proportion of children who need surgical intervention. Hisense CAS has advantages in evaluating the tumour volume before and after propranolol treatment. The liver volume and the liver tumour volume percentage provide new perspectives for evaluating the tumour outcome.

Liver transplantation for benign liver tumors

Benign liver tumors are common lesions that are usually asymptomatic and are often found incidentally due to recent advances in imaging techniques and their widespread use. Although most of these tumors can be managed conservatively or treated by surgical resection, liver transplantation (LT) is the only treatment option in selected patients. LT is usually indicated in patients that present with life-threatening complications, when the lesions are diffuse in the hepatic parenchyma or when malignant transformation cannot be ruled out. However, due to the significant postoperative morbidity of the procedure, scarcity of available donor liver grafts, and the benign course of the disease, the indications for LT are still not standardized. Hepatic adenoma and adenomatosis, hepatic hemangioma, and hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma are among the most common benign liver tumors treated by LT. This article reviews the role of LT in patients with benign liver tumors. The indications for LT and long-term outcomes of LT are presented.

Minimally invasive treatment of hepatic hemangioma by transcatheter arterial embolization combined with microwave ablation: A case report

BACKGROUND

Hepatic hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver. However, patients with large hemangiomas that cause compression symptoms or that are at risk of rupture may need further intervention. It is necessary to explore additional minimally invasive and personalized treatment options for hemangiomas.

CASE SUMMARY

A 47-year-old woman was diagnosed with a right hepatic hemangioma for more than 10 years. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound revealed that there was a large hemangioma in the right liver, with a size of approximately 95 mm × 97 mm × 117 mm. Due to the patient's refusal of surgical treatment, hepatic artery embolization was performed in the first stage. After 25 d of liver protection treatment, the liver function indexes decreased to normal levels. Then, ultrasound-guided microwave ablation of the giant hepatic hemangioma was performed. Ten days after the treatment, hepatobiliary ultrasonography showed that the hemangioma of the right liver was smaller than the previous size (the volume was reduced by approximately 30%). Then the patient was discharged from the hospital. One year after discharge, CT showed that the hepatic hemangioma had shrunk by about 80%

CONCLUSION

Transcatheter arterial embolization combined with microwave ablation is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for hepatic hemangioma.

Differentiation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Hepatic Hemangioma and Focal Nodular Hyperplasia using Computed Tomographic Spectral Imaging

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy. This study was designed to investigate the value of computed tomography (CT) spectral imaging in differentiating HCC from hepatic hemangioma (HH) and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH).

METHODS

This was a retrospective study of 51 patients who underwent spectral multiple-phase CT at 40-140 keV during the arterial phase (AP) and portal venous phase (PP). Slopes of the spectral curves, iodine density, water density derived from iodine- and water-based material decomposition images, iodine uptake ratio (IUR), normalized iodine concentration, and the ratio of iodine concentration in liver lesions between AP and PP were measured or calculated.

RESULTS

As energy level decreased, the CT values of HCC (n=31), HH (n=17), and FNH (n=7) increased in both AP and PP. There were significant differences in IUR in the AP, IUR in the PP, normalized iodine concentration in the AP, slope in the AP, and slope in the PP among HCC, HH, and FNH. The CT values in AP, IUR in the AP and PP, normalized iodine concentration in the AP, slope in the AP and PP had high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating HH and HCC from FNH. Quantitative CT spectral data had higher sensitivity and specificity than conventional qualitative CT image analysis during the combined phases.

CONCLUSIONS

Mean CT values at low energy (40-90 keV) and quantitative analysis of CT spectral data (IUR in the AP) could be helpful in the differentiation of HCC, HH, and FNH.

Spontaneous internal hemorrhage of a giant hepatic hemangioma with infection: a case report and literature review

Spontaneous internal hemorrhage from a hepatic hemangioma is rare. This case describes a 59-year-old woman who was hospitalized with recurrent cough and fever for 6 months. The doctor thought that she had pneumonia, but other infectious diseases could not be ruled out. Therefore, related tests were performed and strong antibiotics were used, but the symptom of fever was persistent and recurred. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) findings showed a right hepatic giant hemangioma with hemorrhage, while tuberculosis, liver abscess, and immune disease were excluded by the physician. Because the patient’s fever was associated with a large hepatic hemangioma, the patient was transferred to surgery. During treatment, the amount of bleeding increased, so she underwent a right hepatic hemangioma resection in the emergency department. Her postoperative fever symptoms subsequently resolved. Pathological examination confirmed hemorrhagic necrosis with infection in hepatic hemangioma. Follow-up showed that the patient was afebrile.

Choroidal Hemangioma Associated with Hepatic Hemangioma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) is a rare congenital ocular tumor type that is usually benign and asymptomatic. CCH has only been reported once previously in the literature in association with a visceral neoplasm. Here, we present a newly described association between CCH and hepatic hemangioma (HH). We report the case of a 57-year-old woman diagnosed with asymptomatic HHs who presented with a 2- to 3-month history of central scotoma and blurred vision in her left eye. Assessment identified an orange-red elevated lesion with a central serous retinal detachment and subretinal edema. Complementary tests suggested a CCH. To our knowledge, CCH has only been reported once previously in association with a visceral neoplasm, making this newly described association between CCH and HH of clinical relevance. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possible association between CCH and other visceral tumors as this association offers an opportunity for the early detection of this pathology.

Outcomes of surgery for giant hepatic hemangioma

BACKGROUND

The surgical indications for liver hemangioma remain unclear.

METHODS

Data from 152 patients with hepatic hemangioma who underwent hepatectomy between 2004 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed characteristics including tumor size, surgical parameters, and variables associated with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and compared the outcomes of laparoscopic and open hepatectomy. Here, we describe surgical techniques for giant hepatic hemangioma and report on two meaningful cases.

RESULTS

Most (63.8%) patients with hepatic hemangioma were asymptomatic. Most (86.4%) tumors from patients with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome were larger than 15 cm. Enucleation (30.9%), sectionectomy (28.9%), hemihepatectomy (25.7%), and the removal of more than half of the liver (14.5%) were performed through open (87.5%) and laparoscopic (12.5%) approaches. Laparoscopic hepatectomy is associated with an operative time, estimated blood loss, and major morbidity and mortality rate similar to those of open hepatectomy, but a shorter length of stay. 3D image reconstruction is an alternative for diagnosis and surgical planning for partial hepatectomy.

CONCLUSION

The main indication for surgery is giant (> 10 cm) liver hemangioma, with or without symptoms. Laparoscopic hepatectomy was an effective option for hepatic hemangioma treatment. For extremely giant hemangiomas, 3D image reconstruction was indispensable. Hepatectomy should be performed by experienced hepatic surgeons.

A New Ultrasonographic "Fluttering Sign" for Hepatic Hemangioma

The aim of the study described here was to clarify the diagnostic value of the fluttering sign, a new sign that characterizes hepatic hemangiomas in gray-scale ultrasonography (US). It refers to a phenomenon in which the speckled echogenicity inside the hemangioma changes continuously and seems to be moving. A total of 172 hemangiomas diagnosed with contrast-enhanced US were evaluated. The fluttering sign was found in 123 of 172 hemangiomas (71.5%). Its prevalence was significantly higher than that of the marginal strong echo (89/172, 51.7%, p < 0.001), posterior acoustic enhancement (103/172, 59.9%, p = 0.031) and chameleon sign (100/172, 58.1%, p = 0.013). In addition, the fluttering sign was observed significantly more frequently in mixed or hypo-echoic tumors than in hyper-echoic tumors (p < 0.001), relatively large tumors (p < 0.001) and tumors that were less than 5 cm from the body surface (p = 0.015). The fluttering sign in gray-scale US has great potential to be a new complementary sign for the diagnosis of hemangioma.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is superior to open procedures for hepatic hemangioma

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) has become increasingly popular for liver neoplasms, but its safety and effectiveness remain controversial. Hepatic hemangiomas are the most common benign liver neoplasm; the main approaches to hepatic hemangiomas include open hepatectomy (OH) and LH. In this study, we compared early outcomes between patients undergoing OH and those with LH.

METHODS

Patients underwent OH or LH in our hospital for hepatic hemangiomas between December 2013 and December 2017 were enrolled. All patients underwent comprehensive preoperative evaluations. The clinicopathological index and risk factors of hemangioma resection were assessed.

RESULTS

In total, 41 patients underwent OH while 53 underwent LH. There was no significant difference in any preoperative clinical variables, including liver function, prothrombin time, or platelet count. Hepatic portal occlusion time and operative time were 39.74 vs. 38.35 minutes (P = 0.717) and 197.20 vs. 203.68 minutes (P = 0.652) in the OH and LH groups, respectively. No mortality nor significant perioperative complications were observed between the two groups. In LH group, two cases were converted to OH, one for an oversized tumor and the other for hemorrhage. Compared with OH patients, those with LH had less blood loss (361.69 vs. 437.81 mL, P = 0.024), shorter postoperative hospital stay (7.98 vs. 11.07 days, P = 0.001), and lower postoperative C-reactive protein (43.63 vs. 58.21 mg/L, P = 0.026).

CONCLUSIONS

LH is superior to OH in terms of postoperative recovery and blood loss for selected patients with hepatic hemangioma.

Spontaneous intracapsular hemorrhage of a giant hepatic cavernous hemangioma: a rare case report and literature review

Background

Hepatic cavernous hemangioma is the most common type of benign liver tumor. Although ruptures and hemorrhages of hepatic hemangioma are rare complications, they are associated with high mortality. Most practitioners only pay more attention to abdominal hemorrhages caused by the rupture of hepatic hemangiomas. However, spontaneous intracapsular hemorrhages can often be neglected and poorly understood.

Case presentation

A 65-year-old man was referred to our institution with right upper quadrant pain, which had occurred suddenly and without a history of recent trauma. The blood test results were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen showed a cystic mass in the right liver lobe. Considering the possibility of hepatic cystadenoma with hemorrhage, the patient underwent a right hepatic lobectomy. The pathological findings unexpectedly revealed intratumoral hemorrhage of hepatic hemangioma. The patient recovered well and was discharged eight days after surgery.

Conclusions

Intracapsular hemorrhage of hepatic cavernous hemangioma is challenging to diagnose and has a high potential risk of rupture. MRI is beneficial for diagnosing subacute internal hemorrhage cases, and it is recommended to undergo surgery for patients with a definitive diagnosis.

Efficacy and factors affecting the choice of enucleation and liver resection for giant hemangioma: a retrospective propensity score-matched study

Background

Liver resection (LR) and enucleation (EN) are the main surgical treatment for giant hepatic hemangioma (HH), but how to choose the type of surgery is still controversial. This study aimed to explore the efficacy and the factors affecting the choice of open procedure for HH.

Methods

The data for patients with pathologically confirmed HH who underwent open surgery from April 2014 to August 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses with logistic regression were performed to disclose the factors associated with the choice of EN or LR. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to compare the efficacy of the two procedures.

Results

A total of 163 and 110 patients were enrolled in the EN and LR groups. Following 1:1 matching by PSM analysis, 66 patients were selected from each group. Centrally located lesions (OR: 0.131, 95% CI 0.070–0.244), tumors size > 12.1 cm (OR: 0.226, 95% CI 0.116–0.439) and multiple tumors (OR: 1.860, 95% CI 1.003–3.449) were independent factors affecting the choice of EN. There was no significant difference in the median operation time (156 vs. 195 min, P = 0.156), median blood loss (200 vs. 220 ml, P = 0.423), blood transfusion rate (33.3% vs. 33.3%, P = 1.000), mean postoperative feeding (3.1 vs. 3.3 d, P = 0.460), mean postoperative hospital stay (9.5 vs. 9.0 d, P = 0.206), or the major complication rates between the two groups.

Conclusions

Peripherally located lesions, tumors size ≤ 12.1 cm and multiple tumors were more inclined to receive EN. There was no significant difference in the efficacy of EN or LR.

Percutaneous ultrasound-guided 'three-step' radiofrequency ablation for giant hepatic hemangioma (5-15 cm): a safe and effective new technique

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous ultrasound-guided 'three-step' radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment of giant hepatic hemangioma.Materials and methods: Patients with giant hepatic hemangioma who underwent percutaneous ultrasound-guided 'three-step' RFA (n = 52) and conventional RFA (n = 54) at our center from June 2013 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The 'three-step' RFA proceeds as follows. Step 1: Ablate the feeding artery of the hemangioma. Step 2: Aspirate blood from the tumor. Step 3: Ablation the lesion. Intraoperative information, postoperative recovery, therapeutic effects, and complications were compared between the two groups.Results: The duration of RFA was significantly shorter (19.2 ± 0.8 min versus 44.5 ± 2.8 min, p < 0.001), the number of punctures was significantly lower (3.2 ± 0.1 versus 4.7 ± 0.3, p = 0.002), and the duration of hospital stay was significantly shorter (9.0 ± 0.5 versus 11.5 ± 0.7, p = 0.013) in the TS-RFA group than in the C-RFA group. The complete ablation rate (86.5% versus 40.7%), the maximum postoperative pain score (2.5 ± 1.3 versus 4.1 ± 2.0) and symptom relief were also significantly better in the TS-RFA group than in the C-RFA group (p < 0.05). No postoperative death occurred in either group. There were no grade III or higher complications in the TS-RFA group, but one patient in the C-RFA group developed the grade III complication of postoperative abdominal bleeding.Conclusions: 'Three-step' RFA is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for giant hepatic hemangioma. It is worthy of further promotion and application.

Torsion of a giant pedunculated liver hemangioma: Case report

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Torsioned pedunculated giant liver hemangioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

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Giant liver hemangioma size may be related to the elevation of liver enzymes.

•

Surgery is the first-line treatment in patients with giant liver hemangioma.

Introduction

Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign neoplasm affecting the liver. Most cases are asymptomatic and incidentally found at imaging studies. Giant hepatic hemangiomas are uncommon, but pedunculated giant hemangiomas are even rarer, making their clinical and imaging diagnosis a challenge for the surgeon.

Presentation of case

Herein; we report the case of a 26-year-old male patient, who presented to the emergency ward with acute abdominal pain associated with a palpable mass, mimicking a complicated appendicular plastron, additionaly were found it liver enzymes elevated. Then the patient was taken the operating room. An exophytic pedunculated liver tumor that projected towards the right iliac fossa was identified. It had undergone torsion on its pedicle. Transfixing hemostatic sutures were placed, proceeding with its exeresis. The patient tolerated the procedure and was discharged without complications on the third postoperative day. Pathological anatomy confirmed the diagnosis.

Discussion

Giant pedunculated HH is an infrequent entity that generates mass effect on intra-abdominal organs causing pain depending on its location. In our case, HH size was 13 cm with elevated liver enzymes, only previously reported in one case of a 20-cm hemangioma. Surgery is indicated for cases of giant and symptomatic lesions.

Conclusion

Torsioned pedinculated giant liver hemangioma may be part of the differential diagnosis of a patient with acute appendicitis with elevated liver enzymes. The elevation of liver enzymes may be related to the size of the HH.

Effectiveness of Transarterial Embolization in Treatment of Symptomatic Hepatic Hemangiomas: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To evaluate the current evidence for the effectiveness of transarterial embolization (TAE) in treatment of symptomatic hepatic hemangiomas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus databases to identify studies of hepatic hemangiomas treated with transarterial embolization. Main outcome was defined as the mean difference between pre- and post-TAE hemangioma diameters. Treatment agents were categorized as Lipiodol based [bleomycin (L + BE), pingyangmycin (L + PYG) or ethanol (L + ethanol)] and non-Lipiodol based (polyvinyl-alcohol-only). Conventional random-effect meta-analysis technique was applied to analyze data.

RESULTS

Of 3080 initially inspected publications, 21 studies were included in the meta-analysis comprising of 1450 patients with total of 1871 hemangiomas (36.2% male, mean age: 46.3 ± 3.6 years). One hundred and twenty-six, 1666, 41 and 38 lesions were treated with L + BE, L + PYG, L + ethanol and PVA, respectively. Median follow-up time after embolization was 12 months. Lipiodol-based treatments showed significant effect in reducing hemangioma size after TAE compared to PVA (P < 0.001). Pooled diameter reduction (cm) (95% confidence interval) was - 4.37( - 5.32, - 3.42), - 4.70( - 5.70, - 3.71), - 0.93( - 2.02, 0.16) for overall TAE treatment, Lipiodol-based and non-Lipiodol-based treatments, respectively. Main complications included post-embolization syndrome and transient liver enzyme elevation (pooled incidence for Lipiodol-based and non-Lipiodol-based techniques: 36% and 33%; and 37% and 0, respectively). No fatal complications were reported. Symptomatic improvement was reported in 63.3%-100% of the cases with majority of studies (15/21) reporting improvement in all cases (pooled response rate: 98%).

CONCLUSIONS

Transarterial embolization with bleomycin, pingyangmycin or ethanol in combination with Lipiodol is safe and associated with reduced size of hemangiomas resulting in symptoms alleviation.

Microwave ablation versus transcatheter arterial embolization for large hepatic hemangiomas: clinical outcomes

PURPOSE

To evaluate the safety and effect of microwave ablation (MWA) compared with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for the treatment of large hepatic hemangiomas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 135 patients with symptomatic or/and enlarging hepatic hemangiomas (5-10 cm) from two centers underwent either MWA (n = 82) or TAE (n = 53) as first-line treatment. We compared the two groups in terms of radiologic response, clinical response, operative time, postoperative analgesic requirements, hospital stay and complications.

RESULTS

MWA had a significantly higher rate of complete radiologic response (89.0% vs. 37.7%, p<.001) and complete clinical response (88.6% vs. 69.2%, p=.046), fewer minor complications (43.9% vs. 66.0%, p=.019), shorter time of using analgesics (p<.001) and shorter hospital stays (p=.003) than did TAE. The operative time and major complications were comparable between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

Both MWA and TAE are safe and effective in treating patients with large hepatic hemangiomas. MWA had a higher rate of complete response than did TAE, and it was associated with fewer minor complications, faster recovery and shorter hospital stay.

Acute progressing hepatic angiosarcoma: An autopsy case report

A man in his 50s presented with pitting edema of both lower legs and abdominal distension as his chief complaint. His personal medical history and family history were unremarkable, except that he was a heavy drinker consuming 66 g of alcohol per day and a heavy smoker. Blood tests upon admission showed slight hepatic dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, hypoalbuminemia, and decreased coagulability. Tumor marker tests showed elevated levels of CA19-9 and PIVKA-II. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed enhancement of multiple masses predominantly in the right lobe of the liver in the early phase, followed by diffuse enhancement of the entire liver in the delayed phase. Hepatic arteriography demonstrated large hemangioma-like lesions corresponding to the masses revealed by computed tomography. That findings seemed to be cotton wool appearance. On magnetic resonance images, there were multiple mass-like lesions that showed homogeneous or heterogeneous low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, and clearly high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The findings were atypical and no definite diagnosis could be made. Hepatic failure then rapidly worsened, and the patient died on hospital day 20. Autopsy led to the diagnosis of hepatic angiosarcoma.

Current concepts in ablative procedures for primary benign liver lesions: a step forward to minimize the invasiveness of treatment when deemed necessary

With increased use of medical imaging, the incidental detection of benign solid liver tumors has become more frequent. Facing with benign disease, the indications for surgery are still object of discussion in light of the stable natural course of most lesions and obvious drawbacks of any surgical intervention; therefore, in most situations, a conservative approach is recommended, and surgery is mainly reserved for those cases with persistent or worsening symptoms, or who are at risk for complications as malignant transformation. The advent of ablative techniques has widened the range of treatment options available to these patients, presenting as a valid alternative to resection in terms of safety and efficacy in selected cases, particularly in patients who are considered poor surgical candidates and with smaller lesions. This review outlines the role of percutaneous ablative methods for benign solid liver tumors that are encountered in adults, providing a per histology analysis of the existing evidence. The up-to-date strategies for management of the most common benign solid tumors are recapitulated.

Imaging of hepatic hemangioma: from A to Z

The hemangioma is the most common solid lesion of the liver. Therefore, radiologists must know the typical and atypical imaging findings of this lesion in order to reach a correct diagnosis and avoid diagnostic errors. However, only few papers have comprehensively described the entire spectrum of atypical and uncommon imaging features. In this updated review, we provide the imaging features of hepatic hemangioma, in both typical and atypical forms, as well as its association with abnormalities in the adjacent hepatic parenchyma and other hepatic lesions, and its complications.

Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign liver tumor and it is usually found incidentally during radiological studies. This tumor arises from a vascular malformation; however, the pathophysiology has not been clearly elucidated. Symptoms usually correlate with the size and location of the tumor. Less commonly the presence of a large HH may cause life-threatening conditions. The diagnosis can be established by the identification of HH hallmarks in several imaging studies. In patients that present with abdominal symptoms other etiologies should be excluded first before attributing HH as the cause. In asymptomatic patient’s treatment is not required and follow up is usually reserved for HH of more than 5 cm. Symptomatic patients can be managed surgically or with other non-surgical modalities such as transcatheter arterial embolization or radiofrequency ablation. Enucleation surgery has shown to have fewer complications as compared to hepatectomy or other surgical techniques. Progression of the tumor is seen in less than 40%. Hormone stimulation may play a role in HH growth; however, there are no contraindications for hormonal therapy in patients with HH due to the lack of concrete evidence. When clinicians encounter this condition, they should discern between observation and surgical or non-surgical management based on the clinical presentation.

Endothelial pyroptosis underlies systemic inflammatory response following radiofrequency ablation of hepatic hemangiomas

This study investigated the relationship between endothelial pyroptosis and the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response (SIR) after radiofrequency (RF) ablation of hepatic hemangiomas. Thirty-two patients with hepatic hemangiomas were treated with RF ablation and blood samples of the patients were collected at different time points. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to evaluate the expression of caspase-1, gasdermin D (GSDMD), IL-1β and IL-18 in hepatic hemangioma and subablated hemangioma tissue. In vitro experiments, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with sub-ablative hyperthermia with or without the addition of caspase-1 inhibitor, Ac-YVAD-CMK in the medium. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), IL-18, IL-1β, caspase-1 and GSDMD were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time PCR and Western blot methods. An elevation of general SIR parameters (CRP and WBC), pyroptosis-related inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) and LDH were observed 1-day post-RF ablation and their peak values were significantly correlated with ablated volume (p < .001) and ablation time (p < .001). Moreover, levels of pyroptosis-related inflammatory cytokines correlated well with general SIR parameters, respectively (p < .001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed the increased expression of caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-18 and IL-1β in the endothelial cells of subablated hemangioma. In vitro experiments showed that subablative hyperthermia induced the caspase-1-associated endothelial pyroptosis and Ac-YVAD-CMK attenuated pyroptosis. In conclusion, SIR in patients treated by RF ablation for hepatic hemangiomas was significantly associated with the ablated volume and ablation time and endothelial pyroptosis may involve in the occurrence of SIR following RF ablation of hepatic hemangiomas.

A case of spontaneous hepatic hemangioma rupture: Successful management with transarterial chemoembolization alone

Hemangioma is the most common benign hepatic tumor. Although spontaneous rupture is rare, the mortality rate ranges from 60 to 75%. Only 34 cases have been reported in the literature, with only one report using transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) alone as treatment. We report a case of spontaneous rupture with “flowering sign” of a giant hepatic hemangioma, presenting with acute abdominal pain and shock, while the volume of the hemangioma and blood loss were similar. The patient was successfully managed by transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) alone, which has an operative mortality rate of up to 36.4%.

Spontaneous rupture of giant hepatic hemangioma: misdiagnosis as gastrointestinal perforation

Hepatic hemangioma is a frequent nonmalignant tumor in the human liver. Although rupture of hepatic hemangioma is a rare complication, it may have serious consequences. In this report, we describe a 56-year-old woman who underwent laparoscopic surgery and open surgery for sudden abdominal pain and peritonitis. Gastrointestinal perforation was prioritized before surgery according to the patient’s symptoms, signs, and radiological report. A giant dark red mass connected to the left liver by a pedicle was unexpectedly found during intraoperative exploration. Hemoperitoneum was also found. Conversely, no gastrointestinal perforation was found during intraoperative exploration. The mass was successfully removed, and the hemoperitoneum was resolved. Postoperative pathological examination showed that the mass was a hepatic hemangioma. Ultimately, the patient was diagnosed with spontaneous rupture of a giant hepatic hemangioma.

[Mesenchymal abdominal tumors in children]

Mesenchymal tumors in childhood comprise benign and malign entities and differ regarding typical sites of manifestation, age peak and clinical symptoms. In some cases biopsy is mandatory. If nephroblastoma is a possible diagnosis, biopsy must be avoided by all means in order to avoid biopsy tract metastasis. Imaging is used to narrow the differential diagnosis, describe the exact extent of the lesion and deliver complete staging. In pediatric patients sonography and MRI are the most important imaging modalities. Low-dose CT of the thorax serves for assessment of possible pulmonary metastases.

Diagnostic Performance of 2-D Shear Wave Elastography for Differentiation of Hepatoblastoma and Hepatic Hemangioma in Children under 3 Years of Age

The aim of the present study was to prospectively evaluate the clinical efficiency of 2-D shear wave elastography (2-D-SWE) for differentiating hepatoblastoma and hepatic hemangioma in children under 3 y of age. 2-D-SWE was performed in 109 consecutive patients with confirmed hepatic neoplasms by pathologic analysis or contrast-enhanced computed tomography plus follow-up observation, in which 71 patients were defined as the test group, and the remaining 38 patients were defined as the validation group. An elasticity value was obtained from each lesion. The diagnostic performance and optimal cut-off value were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in the test group, and the accuracy of this threshold was analyzed in the validation group. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman rank correlation tests were applied to assess the reproducibility of elastic measurement and the relationship between the elasticity value and potential influencing parameters. The mean elasticity values were 58.4 ± 19.5 kPa for hepatoblastoma and 19.0 ± 16.0 kPa for hemangioma (Z = -7.685, p = 0.000). The cut-off value in the test group was 39.5 kPa with an area under the ROC curve for differentiation of 0.915, sensitivity of 88.1% and specificity of 86.2%. The accuracy of this threshold in the validation group was 86.8%. The ICCs for inter- and intra-observer reproducibility for acquisition of the elastic measurement were 0.946 and 0.971, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the elasticity value and age for either hemangioma (r = 0.205, p = 0.167) or hepatoblastoma (r = 0.047, p = 0.715). The elasticity value was positively correlated with lesion size (r = 0.332, p = 0.023) in patients with hemangioma but not in patients with hepatoblastoma (r = 0.222, p = 0.082). As a complementary method, 2-D-SWE may aid the differentiation of hepatoblastoma and hemangioma.

Activation of Hedgehog Signaling in Aggressive Hepatic Hemangioma in Newborns and Infants

BACKGROUND/AIM

Hepatic hemangiomas (HH) can show an aggressive course with significant complications. Prognostic markers that identify an aggressive course are entirely absent. Since we have showed that Hedgehog signaling is overexpressed in aggressive hemangiomas of the skin. Here, we hypothesize that it is also altered in aggressive HH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Immunohistological staining for GLUT1 and quantitative PCR was performed in seven specimens with aggressive HH. For comparison, we included specimens of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE), skin hemangioma and normal liver tissue.

RESULTS

Overexpression of the Hedgehog signaling components SHH and GLI2 and its target gene FOXA2 in HH were similar to those found in aggressive skin hemangioma and KHE, their expression being significantly higher than in mild skin hemangioma. High expression levels of SHH and FOXA2 positively correlated with HH, but not with normal liver tissue.

CONCLUSION

Hedgehog signaling is up-regulated in aggressive HH. This finding may lead to a biomarker allowing early intervention.

Clinical and economic impact of surgery for treating infantile hemangiomas in the era of propranolol: overview of single-center experience from La Paz Hospital, Madrid

Propranolol has changed the management of infantile hemangiomas (IHs). We summarize the evolution of surgical treatment for IH at La Paz Children's Hospital (Madrid) in the era of propranolol, with a focus on hepatic IHs.Retrospectively, we compared surgical treatment of IHs in children referred during the periods 2004-2009 and 2009-2014. Hepatic IH mortality rates before and after the introduction of propranolol therapy were evaluated specifically.The majority of hemangiomas needing surgical excision were located on the head/face/scalp of female patients. Since the introduction of propranolol therapy, surgery for IH has decreased from about 60 to 6 procedures/year at our institution and no transplants for hepatic IH have been registered.Conclusions: Surgical procedures for IH have decreased by about 90% at our institution since the introduction of propranolol treatment and hepatic IH have not needed liver transplantation. Referrals for surgery for IH are generally the consequence of absent or delayed propranolol treatment. Given the significant reduction in the number of surgical procedures, propranolol can be considered as having a strong economic and social impact. What is Known: • The use of oral propranolol solution is currently considered as the treatment of choice in the management of infantile hemangiomas. • Propranolol treatment achieves better outcomes and less side effects than systemic corticosteroids. What is New: • Social and financial impact of the significant reduction in the number of reconstructive surgical procedures and liver transplants due to the use of propranolol in tertiary health institutions remains to be analyzed.

Transarterial Bleomycin-Lipiodol Embolization (B/LE) for Symptomatic Giant Hepatic Hemangioma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018;41:1674-1682. [PMID: 29922860 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-018-2010-4]

BACKGROUND

Large hepatic hemangiomas can cause symptoms such as pain and bleeding. No consensus currently exists on the optimal management of large and symptomatic hemangiomas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of transarterial bleomycin-lipiodol embolization (B/LE) in the treatment of symptomatic large hepatic hemangioma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 23 patients (29 hemangiomas) treated between July 2011 and August 2017. Transarterial B/LE was performed using 7-15 cc of Lipiodol mixed with 30-45 IU of bleomycin by standard three-way stopcocks. All patients were followed clinically and by imaging for an average of 7.5 months. Patterns of bleomycin-lipiodol distribution in the periphery of hemangiomas were categorized into four different grades. Technical success was defined as proper delivery of bleomycin-lipiodol into the hemangioma confirmed by post-embolization computed tomography. Clinical success was defined as more than 50% reduction of hemangioma volume and symptom improvement during follow-ups.

RESULTS

Technical success and clinical success were 100 and 73.9% (17 patients), respectively. Six patients (26.08%) experienced transient post-embolization syndrome. Significant size reduction was seen in patients with grade 4 hemangioma border coverage (P = 0.042).

CONCLUSION

Transarterial B/LE is a safe and efficient alternative for controlling symptoms related to large hemangiomas.

Surgical Management of Giant Hepatic Hemangioma: Single Center's Experience with 144 Patients

BACKGROUND

Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign solid tumor of the liver. The aim of this study is to review our experiences of surgical treatment for giant HH and to show the impact of HH size and type of surgical resection on surgical outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This is a retrospective study of the cases who underwent surgery for giant HH during the period from January 2000 to April 2017.

RESULTS

Elective surgery was performed for 144 patients who had giant HH. The median diameter of resected HH was 10 cm (5-31 cm). Enucleation was performed for 92 (63.9%) patients and anatomical resection was required in 52 (36.1%) patients. No statistical difference between enucleation and resection as regards intraoperative and postoperative findings. The amount of intraoperative blood loss is significantly more in HH > 10 cm (300 vs. 575 ml, P = 0.007), the need of blood transfusion was significantly more in HH > 10 cm (P = 0.000), and the operation time was significantly longer in HH > 10 cm (120 vs. 180 min, P = 0.000). The size of HH had no significant effect as regards the development of postoperative complications.

CONCLUSION

Giant hemangioma can be treated surgically with low incidence of morbidity and mortality. No statistical difference between enucleation and resection as regards surgical outcomes. In left lobe HH, HH located deeper in posterior hepatic segments and in multiple HH, hepatic resection is preferred. The size of the HH had significant impact intraoperative blood loss and operative time.

Effect of microwave ablation and laparoscopic hepatectomy on visual analogue scale score and liver function in patients with hepatic hemangiomas

AIM

To investigate the effect of microwave ablation and laparoscopic hepatectomy on visual analogue scale (VAS) score and liver function in patients with hepatic hemangiomas.

METHODS

A total of 79 patients diagnosed with hepatic hemangioma and would undergo surgery at our hospital from June 2014 to December 2016 were chosen and randomly divided into either a study group (n = 41) or a control group (n = 38). The study group underwent microwave ablation, while the control group underwent laparoscopic partial hepatectomy. Surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, adverse reactions, total hospital stay time, and VAS scores at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after surgery were recorded and compared between the two groups. The indexes of hepatic function [alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)] at 1 d and 3 d after surgery were also compared.

RESULTS

Both surgical time and intraoperative blood loss were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (38.63 min ± 11.74 min vs 187.21 min ± 78.85 min, 20.52 mL ± 7.45 mL vs 329.72 mL ± 104.63 mL, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in hospitalization time between the two groups. The adverse reaction rate (3%) in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (36.8%) (P < 0.01). The VAS scores of the study group at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after surgery were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.01). The ALT and AST in the study group at 1 d after surgery were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), although there was no significant difference in ALT and AST between the two groups at 3 days after surgery.

CONCLUSION

Microwave ablation can shorten surgical time, reduce intraoperative blood loss and postoperative VAS score, improve ALT and AST levels, and effectively prevent liver injury in patients with hepatic hemangiomas with good safety.

Liver Imaging Techniques: Recognition of Uveal Melanoma Metastases

Background

The liver is the most common site for metastases of several primary malignancies including uveal melanoma.

Methods

Review of imaging characteristics of incidental common benign liver lesions including hepatic cyst, hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hepatic adenoma and contrasting them with uveal melanoma metastases.

Results

Benign hepatic lesions may be cystic or, if solid, relatively stable in size over time. For hepatic lesions larger than 10 mm in size, characteristic imaging features typically allow for confident diagnosis. When lesions are small (less than 10 mm), definitive characterization can be difficult. Moreover, lesions smaller than 10 mm can be difficult to biopsy under ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) guidance, and short-term follow-up will often be useful to assess for stability or progression. Overall, magnetic resonance imaging is more specific than CT scan and at least as sensitive as CT for detecting uveal melanoma liver metastases.

Conclusions

New multiple enhancing solid liver lesions should raise suspicion of uveal melanoma liver metastases. Discussion of challenging cases with the radiologist may be beneficial, as pertinent information such as size, location, and molecular prognostication status of the primary tumor can guide radiological interpretation of hepatic lesions.

A case of liver hemangioma with markedly reduced tumor size after metformin treatment: a case report

A 52-year-old man with a 9-year history of hepatic hemangioma was treated with the anti-diabetic drug metformin, resulting in complete remission of the tumor. In 2006, a hemangioma with diameter of 20 × 25 mm was detected incidentally in the liver. The results of imaging studies including ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were all compatible with that of hepatic hemangioma. The patient consequently underwent imaging annually from 2006 to 2015. The tumor size increased slightly, to 30 × 35 mm in 2012; however, the general tumor characteristics in imaging were not changed. Beginning May 2012, metformin (750 mg/day) was administered because of an increase in blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c levels. After the start of metformin treatment, the tumor size on US gradually decreased. Finally, in October 2015, the tumor was no longer detected. Dynamic CT study also demonstrated markedly reduced tumor size, with a decrease of 2-3 mm in diameter. These results indicate that metformin treatment strongly suppressed cell proliferation in liver hemangioma. The anti-angiogenic effect of metformin was indicated as a possible cause of the reduction in tumor size.

Fine clinical differences between patients with multifocal and diffuse hepatic hemangiomas

BACKGROUND

It has been reported that multifocal and diffuse hepatic hemangiomas are true infantile hemangiomas for which a continuum probably exists. We determined the similarities and fine differences between the two types of hemangioma and identified the multifocal subgroup of type, which needs timely treatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twenty-four patients (4 males and 20 females; age 114±142days) with multifocal or diffuse hepatic hemangiomas who were treated between January 2000 and June 2015 were studied. For the multifocal type, patients were divided into countable (MC) and uncountable (MU) subgroups. The medical data were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS

The clinical presentations included hepatomegaly (n=11), dyspnea (n=7), heart failure (n=9), hypothyroidism (n=6), and anemia (n=1). There were 19 and 5 patients with multifocal and diffuse types, and 6 and 13 patients in the MC and MU groups, respectively. There were significant differences between the multifocal and diffuse types with respect to hepatomegaly, heart failure, dyspnea, and hypothyroidism. However, there was no difference between the MU group and the diffuse type except for hypothyroidism. Observation was commonly recommended for patients with the multifocal type, and their survival rate was clearly higher than for patients with the diffuse type. Both the MU and diffuse-type groups needed treatment, unlike MC patients. The complete remission rate was higher in the MC group than in the MU and diffuse-type groups. Patients with the diffuse type were more likely to die.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with diffuse-type hepatic hemangioma are at high risk and need active treatment. The MU group for the multifocal type is unique and has high similarities to the diffuse type with respect to clinical presentation and treatment, which suggests that a continuum of the disease phenotypes exists.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Case-control study, level III.

Enucleation is Better for a Giant Hemangioma Proximal to the Hepatic Portal Vascular Structures

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of liver enucleation with resection of a giant hemangioma proximal to the hepatic portal vascular structures. From 2008 to 2014, 53 patients with giant hemangiomas proximal to the hepatic portal vascular structures underwent surgery in our hospital by the same surgical team. The indications for surgery included a tumor size greater than 8 cm, a middle size greater than 4 cm but with abdominal pain, a rapidly increased tumor size with uncertain malignancy, or tumor rupture. Thirty-two patients (60 %) had pain only, 15 (29 %) had pain with tumor growth, 5 patients (9 %) had an uncertain diagnosis, and 1 patient (2 %) had tumor rupture. Enucleation was performed in 31 patients and liver resection was performed in 22 patients. There were no significant differences in the size of the hemangioma (13.9 ± 3.1 vs 12.3 ± 5.5 cm; P > 0.05), preoperative liver function tests, hemoglobin levels, and platelet counts between the enucleation and resection groups. The mean intraoperative blood loss was significantly less in the enucleation group compared with the resection group (350.9 ± 89.8 vs 988 ± 91.7 mL; P < 0.01), and the enucleation group had a significantly shorter mean operative time (1.7 ± 0.4 vs 2.9 ± 0.9 h; P < 0.01) and significantly shorter duration of hospital stay (9.6 ± 4.2 vs 14.7 ± 3.7 days; P < 0.05). Five patients in the resection group and only 1 patient in the enucleation group had major postoperative complications. Compared to liver resection, enucleation is safer and faster for liver hemangiomas proximal to the hepatic portal vascular structures and is associated with fewer complications.

Interventional embolization of congenital intrahepatic shunts in children

BACKGROUND

Congenital intrahepatic shunts in children are rare and precise treatment strategies have not been established.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to present our experience with transcatheter embolization in a descriptive case series of congenital intrahepatic shunts in children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively studied 10 children with symptomatic congenital intrahepatic shunts who were treated with embolization at our institute between January 2008 and December 2014.

RESULTS

Seven children had arteriovenous shunts in association with hepatic hemangiomas, two had arterioportal shunts and one had portosystemic shunts. The major presentations were congestive heart failure and severe anemia in the groups with arteriovenous and arterioportal shunts, respectively. Following embolization, two children died in the arteriovenous group, one from progressive liver dysfunction and the other from abdominal compartment syndrome. One child in the arterioportal group required liver transplantation after initial embolization. With mean post-procedure follow-up of 15 months (range 4-54 months), all the remaining children were well, with resolution of the symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Interventional embolization provides an alternative to surgical ligation or hepatic resection in children with clinically significant intrahepatic shunts. For lesions with complex morphology, embolization may be inadequate and liver transplantation might be the only therapeutic option.

Radiofrequency ablation for huge hepatic hemangiomas: How far from being the first-line treatment

Huge hepatic hemangiomas (≥ 10 cm) are often growthful and harmful. Surgical resection is the traditional treatment for this disease, however, this treatment modality is rather invasive and the operative morbidity and mortality are relatively high. To avoid surgical risk, many minimally invasive procedures have been developed to treat hepatic hemangiomas. In the recent decade, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been performed successfully in patients with huge hepatic hemangiomas, showing many advantages over resection, including minimal invasiveness, low complication rate, reduced cost, short hospital stay and increased patient compliance. The treatment strategy for huge hepatic hemangioma is changing from the traditional surgical resection to the minimally invasive treatment with RFA. In the current review, we discuss the present situation and prospect of RFA application in the treatment of huge hepatic hemangiomas.

Lack of anti-tumor activity by anti-VEGF treatments in hepatic hemangiomas. Angiogenesis. 2016;19:147-153. [PMID: 26816001 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9494-9]

Recently, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents have been described in the literature as a valid treatment option for symptomatic liver hemangiomas, but only limited evidence supports this notion. The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether or not the administration of anti-VEGF agents can reliably achieve a size reduction in liver hemangiomas. We examined patients with incidental hemangiomas who received anti-angiogenic agents for the treatment of other malignancies. Our study population consisted of 17 colorectal cancer patients and one lung cancer patient carrying 21 hemangiomas who received bevacizumab, and seven renal cell carcinoma patients carrying nine hepatic hemangiomas who received sunitinib. We have measured the liver hemangioma volume on both the pre-treatment and post-treatment computed tomography images and then calculated the volume alteration rates. No statistically significant difference (P = 0.365) in the volume of the liver hemangiomas was observed before (1.1-168.8 cm(3); mean ± SD 19.8 ± 39.7 cm(3)) or after (1.2-163.6 cm(3); 19.3 ± 38.0 cm(3)) bevacizumab treatment. The volume reduction rate ranged from -35.0 to 11.2 % (mean ± SD -1.3 ± 10.8 %). The sunitinib treatment group also showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.889) in hemangioma volume before (1.2-6.5 cm(3); 3.0 ± 1.8 cm(3)) or after (1.2-6.0 cm(3); 3.0-1.7 cm(3)) treatment. The volume reduction rate ranged from -13.3 to 7.7 % (median: mean ± SD -2.5 ± 6.6 %). We did not observe liver hemangioma shrinkage after bevacizumab or sunitinib treatment. Our data do not support the application of anti-VEGF agents for the treatment of hepatic hemangiomas.