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Ovsepyan AL, Smirnov AA, Pustozerov EA, Mokhov DE, Mokhova ES, Trunin EM, Dydykin SS, Vasil'ev YL, Yakovlev EV, Budday S, Paulsen F, Zhivolupov SA, Starchik DA. Biomechanical analysis of the cervical spine segment as a method for studying the functional and dynamic anatomy of the human neck. Ann Anat 2021; 240:151856. [PMID: 34793958 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, dynamic and functional anatomy, in particular the dynamic anatomy of the neck, is studied on cadaveric material. However, the development of in vivo visualization technologies and in silico modeling has made it possible to expand these possibilities. Despite significant progress in the study of dynamic and functional anatomy of the neck by means of in silico methods, the issues of validating the developed models and taking into account the pronounced nonlinearity of soft tissues as well as local anisotropy remain open. The aim of this study was to develop a virtual dynamic anatomical model of the human neck and reproduce the dynamic processes in the cervical spine from this model using the finite element method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reverse engineering was used to generate a dynamic anatomical model of the neck from CT data (both male, 24 and 22 years old). Two segments of the cervical spine (C3-C5, C2-T1) were isolated from the resulting model for finite element analysis. Finite element mesh generation and contact interactions were performed using the HyperMesh software (Altair Engineering Inc, Troy, Michigan, USA). The anisotropic hyperelastic Holzapfel-Gasser-Ogden model was used to describe the material behavior of the fibrous rings of the disc. Material modeling and finite element analysis were performed using Abaqus CAE 6.14 software (Simulia, Johnston, Rhode Island, USA). RESULTS A technique for creating a virtual dynamic anatomical model of the neck was elaborated and implemented. The model includes 79 major anatomical structures of the neck segmented from radiological data. A finite element analysis of the cervical spine was performed. The results of finite element analysis of the C3-C5 segment under axial load were compared with in vitro data. The proposed model shows nonlinear deformation of the disc under static loading; the model predicted displacement values agree well with the experimental ones. The displacement of the С3-С5 central vertebra with an axial load of 800 N reaches a value of 0.65 mm. For the segment C2-T1, data on intradiscal pressure, stress plots and displacements during flexion were obtained. The maximum stress value of 10.036 MPa is observed in the C3-C4 disc. CONCLUSION Simulation results using the proposed methodology are in good agreement with experimental data. The generated biomechanical models allow describing dynamic phenomena in the cervical spine and obtaining a wide range of quantitative properties of anatomical objects, which are otherwise inaccessible to classical methods for studying dynamic and functional anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Ovsepyan
- Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", Department of Bioengineering Systems, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A A Smirnov
- Moscow Region State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Pustozerov
- Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", Department of Bioengineering Systems, St. Petersburg, Russia; Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D E Mokhov
- North-Western State Medical University Named After I.I. Mechnikov, Department of Osteopathy, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E S Mokhova
- Insitute of the Osteopathy, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - E M Trunin
- North-Western State Medical University Named After I.I. Mechnikov, Department of Operative and Clinical Surgery with Topographical Anatomy Named After S.A. Simbirtsev, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S S Dydykin
- Sechenov University, Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu L Vasil'ev
- Sechenov University, Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Yakovlev
- Medical Center of JSC "Admiralteyskie Verfi", St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Psychophysiology of the Institute of Applied Psychoanalysis and Psychology of the "University at the Interparliamentary Assembly of EurAsEC", St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Budday
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Paulsen
- Sechenov University, Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, Moscow, Russia; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S A Zhivolupov
- Military Medical Academy Named After S.M. Kirov of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (St. Petersburg), Department of Nervous Diseases, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - D A Starchik
- North-Western State Medical University Named After I.I. Mechnikov, Department of Morphology, St. Petersburg, Russia
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