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Vaidyanathan S, Gamage S, Dathathreya K, Kryk R, Manoharan A, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Choi J, Park D, Park S, Soper SA. Fluidic operation of a polymer-based nanosensor chip for analysing single molecules. Flow (Camb) 2022; 2:E14. [PMID: 35936867 PMCID: PMC9356744 DOI: 10.1017/flo.2022.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most medical diagnostic tests are expensive, involve slow turnaround times from centralized laboratories and require highly specialized equipment with seasoned technicians to carry out the assay. To facilitate realization of precision medicine at the point of care, we have developed a mixed-scale nanosensor chip featuring high surface area pillar arrays where solid-phase reactions can be performed to detect and identify nucleic acid targets found in diseased patients. Products formed can be identified and detected using a polymer nanofluidic channel. To guide delivery of this platform, we discuss the operation of various components of the device and simulations (COMSOL) used to guide the design by investigating parameters such as pillar array loading, and hydrodynamic and electrokinetic flows. The fabrication of the nanosensor is discussed, which was performed using a silicon (Si) master patterned with a combination of focused ion beam milling and photolithography with deep reactive ion etching. The mixed-scale patterns were transferred into a thermoplastic via thermal nanoimprint lithography, which facilitated fabrication of the nanosensor chip making it appropriate for in vitro diagnostics. The results from COMSOL were experimentally verified for hydrodynamic flow using Rhodamine B as a fluorescent tracer and electrokinetic flow using single fluorescently labelled oligonucleotides (single-stranded DNAs, ssDNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnagowri Vaidyanathan
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sachindra Gamage
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kavya Dathathreya
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Renee Kryk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Anishkumar Manoharan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Junseo Choi
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Daniel Park
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sunggook Park
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and KU Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
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Joseph X, Akhil V, Arathi A, Mohanan PV. Microfluidic synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles conjugated with nitrogen-doped carbon dots and associated cellular response on A549 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 351:109710. [PMID: 34678297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin nanoparticles are a versatile class of nanoparticles with wide applications, especially in drug delivery and gene delivery. The inherent biocompatible nature of gelatin and various functional groups can improve the cellular interactions and enhance the efficacy of different drug formulations. Microfluidic hydrodynamic flow-focusing techniques can be used for the synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles. The present work syntheses nitrogen-doped carbon dots conjugated with gelatin nanoparticles (NQD-GNPs) using a microfluidic approach and associated cellular response through various assays. MTT, neutral red uptake, and Calcein AM/Propidium iodide (PI) assays independently proved the biocompatible nature of NQD-GNPs. The NQD-GNPs treatment demonstrated a slight increase in reactive nitrogen species generation and lactate dehydrogenase release. However, it does not alter the mitochondrial membrane potential or lysosomal stability. The cellular uptake of NQD-GNP depends on the concentration and does not affect the apoptotic pathway of the cells. Most of the cells remained viable even after treatment with high concentrations of NQD-GNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Joseph
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - V Akhil
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - A Arathi
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, 695 012, Kerala, India.
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Simunič U, Pipp P, Dular M, Stopar D. The limitations of hydrodynamic removal of biofilms from the dead-ends in a model drinking water distribution system. Water Res 2020; 178:115838. [PMID: 32361344 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation and removal from dead-ends is a particularly difficult and understudied area of water distribution system biology. In this work, we have built a model drinking water distribution system to probe the effect of different hydrodynamic flow regimes on biofilm formation and removal in the main pipe and in the dead-end. The test rig was built to include all major drinking water distribution system components with materials and dimensions used in standard plumbing systems. We have simulated the effect of stagnant, laminar, turbulent, and intense turbulent flushing conditions on the growth and removal of biofilms from the main pipe and the dead-end. The growth of the biofilm in the main pipe was not prevented at a volumetric flow rate of 9.4 L min-1 and flow velocity of 2 m s-1. Mature biofilms were more difficult to remove. Biofilms grown under shear stress conditions could withstand significantly higher shear stresses than those to which they were exposed to during growth. The biofilms grew twice as fast in the dead-end when flow in the main pipe was turbulent compared to stagnant conditions. Biofilms in the dead-end were not affected by the flushing conditions in the main pipe (Q = 52 L min-1, Re = 9.0 · 104). The computational fluid dynamics simulation suggests that biofilms cannot be hydrodynamically removed from the dead-end at depths that are larger than one pipe diameter. Biofilms beyond this limit present a possible source for reinoculation and recolonization of the rest of the water distribution system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urh Simunič
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Pipp
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Dular
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aškerčeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Stopar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Lai YH, Cai YH, Lee H, Ou YM, Hsiao CH, Tsao CW, Chang HT, Wang YS. Reducing Spatial Heterogeneity of MALDI Samples with Marangoni Flows During Sample Preparation. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2016; 27:1314-21. [PMID: 27126469 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a method to prepare homogeneous distributions of analytes to improve data reproducibility in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). Natural-air drying processes normally result in unwanted heterogeneous spatial distributions of analytes in MALDI crystals and make quantitative analysis difficult. This study demonstrates that inducing Marangoni flows within drying droplets can significantly reduce the heterogeneity problem. The Marangoni flows are accelerated by changing substrate temperatures to create temperature gradients across droplets. Such hydrodynamic flows are analyzed semi-empirically. Using imaging mass spectrometry, changes of heterogeneity of molecules with the change of substrate temperature during drying processes are demonstrated. The observed heterogeneities of the biomolecules reduce as predicted Marangoni velocities increase. In comparison to conventional methods, drying droplets on a 5 °C substrate while keeping the surroundings at ambient conditions typically reduces the heterogeneity of biomolecular ions by 65%-80%. The observation suggests that decreasing substrate temperature during droplet drying processes is a simple and effective means to reduce analyte heterogeneity for quantitative applications. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hung Lai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hong Cai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsun Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Meng Ou
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Chemistry Department, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hao Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Wei Tsao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huan-Tsung Chang
- Chemistry Department, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Caslavska J, Mosher RA, Thormann W. Impact of Taylor-Aris diffusivity on analyte and system zone dispersion in CZE assessed by computer simulation and experimental validation. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1529-38. [PMID: 25820794 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Application of pressure-driven laminar flow has an impact on zone and boundary dispersion in open tubular CE. The GENTRANS dynamic simulator for electrophoresis was extended with Taylor-Aris diffusivity which accounts for dispersion due to the parabolic flow profile associated with pressure-driven flow. Effective diffusivity of analyte and system zones as functions of the capillary diameter and the amount of flow in comparison to molecular diffusion alone were studied for configurations with concomitant action of imposed hydrodynamic flow and electroosmosis. For selected examples under realistic experimental conditions, simulation data are compared with those monitored experimentally using modular CE setups featuring both capacitively coupled contactless conductivity and UV absorbance detection along a 50 μm id fused-silica capillary of 90 cm total length. The data presented indicate that inclusion of flow profile based Taylor-Aris diffusivity provides realistic simulation data for analyte and system peaks, particularly those monitored in CE with conductivity detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Stojkovic M, Mai TD, Hauser PC. Determination of artificial sweeteners by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection optimized by hydrodynamic pumping. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:254-9. [PMID: 23830447 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The common sweeteners aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and acesulfame K were determined by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. In order to obtain the best compromise between separation efficiency and analysis time hydrodynamic pumping was imposed during the electrophoresis run employing a sequential injection manifold based on a syringe pump. Band broadening was avoided by using capillaries of a narrow 10 μm internal diameter. The analyses were carried out in an aqueous running buffer consisting of 150 mM 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid and 400 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane at pH 9.1 in order to render all analytes in the fully deprotonated anionic form. The use of surface modification to eliminate or reverse the electroosmotic flow was not necessary due to the superimposed bulk flow. The use of hydrodynamic pumping allowed easy optimization, either for fast separations (80s) or low detection limits (6.5 μmol L(-1), 5.0 μmol L(-1), 4.0 μmol L(-1) and 3.8 μmol L(-1) for aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and acesulfame K respectively, at a separation time of 190 s). The conditions for fast separations not only led to higher limits of detection but also to a narrower dynamic range. However, the settings can be changed readily between separations if needed. The four compounds were determined successfully in food samples.
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