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Xu Z, Zhao H, Zhu J, Qian J, Tao W, Xie X, Ji D, Chen S, Gao G, Li P, Yang Y, Ling Y. Rational design of β-carboline as an efficient type I/II photosensitizer to enable hypoxia-tolerant chemo-photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106875. [PMID: 37757670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved treatment for cancer due to its high spatiotemporal selectivity and non-invasive modality. However, its therapeutic outcomes are always limited to the severe hypoxia environment of the solid tumor. Herein, two novel photosensitizers HY and HYM based on naturally antitumor alkaloids β-carboline were designed and synthesized. Through a series of experiments, we found HY and HYM can produce type II ROS (singlet oxygen) after light irradiation. HYM had higher singlet oxygen quantum yield and molar extinction coefficient than HY, as well as type I PDT behavior, which further let us find that HYM could exhibit robust phototoxicity activities in both normoxia and hypoxia. Meanwhile, HYM showed tumor-selective cytotoxicity with minimal toxicity toward normal cells. Notably, thanks to HYM's hypoxia-tolerant type I/II PDT and tumor selective chemotherapy, HYM showed synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth (inhibition rate > 91%). Our research provides a promising photosensitizer for hypoxia-tolerant chemo-photodynamic therapy, and may also give a novel molecular skeleton for photosensitizer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weizhi Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xudong Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongliang Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shuyue Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yumin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Wang S, Zhou X, Zeng Z, Sui M, Chen L, Feng C, Huang C, Yang Q, Ji M, Hou P. Atovaquone-HSA nano-drugs enhance the efficacy of PD-1 blockade immunotherapy by alleviating hypoxic tumor microenvironment. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:302. [PMID: 34600560 PMCID: PMC8487475 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia is inherent character of most solid malignancies, leading to the failure of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Atovaquone, an anti-malaria drug, can alleviate tumor hypoxia by inhibiting mitochondrial complex III activity. The present study exploits atovaquone/albumin nanoparticles to improve bioavailability and tumor targeting of atovaquone, enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy by normalizing tumor hypoxia. Methods We prepared atovaquone-loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles stabilized by intramolecular disulfide bonds, termed HSA-ATO NPs. The average size and zeta potential of HSA-ATO NPs were measured by particle size analyzer. The morphology of HSA-ATO NPs was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The bioavailability and safety of HSA-ATO NPs were assessed by animal experiments. Flow cytometry and ELISA assays were used to evaluate tumor immune microenvironment. Results Our data first verified that atovaquone effectively alleviated tumor hypoxia by inhibiting mitochondrial activity both in vitro and in vivo, and successfully encapsulated atovaquone in vesicle with albumin, forming HSA-ATO NPs of approximately 164 nm in diameter. We then demonstrated that the HSA-ATO NPs possessed excellent bioavailability, tumor targeting and a highly favorable biosafety profile. When combined with anti-PD-1 antibody, we observed that HSA-ATO NPs strongly enhanced the response of mice bearing tumor xenografts to immunotherapy. Mechanistically, HSA-ATO NPs promoted intratumoral CD8+ T cell recruitment by alleviating tumor hypoxia microenvironment, thereby enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Conclusions Our data provide strong evidences showing that HSA-ATO NPs can serve as safe and effective nano-drugs to enhance cancer immunotherapy by alleviating hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01034-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zekun Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjun Sui
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Chen
- International Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiju Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Hou
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Qin Y, Liu HJ, Li M, Zhai DH, Tang YH, Yang L, Qiao KL, Yang JH, Zhong WL, Zhang Q, Liu YR, Yang G, Sun T, Yang C. Salidroside improves the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and reverses the drug resistance of platinum drugs via HIF-1α signaling pathway. EBioMedicine 2018. [PMID: 30396856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia commonly occurs in solid tumors. The hypoxia in the center of solid tumors considerably decreases the chemosensitivity of tumor cells and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as drug resistance of antitumor drugs. METHODS Here, the effects of salidroside (Sal) combined with platinum drugs on human hepatocellular carcinoma were examined in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the antitumor effects of Sal by inhibiting the drug resistance and explained its mechanism in inhibiting tumor growth. FINDINGS The results showed that Sal co-administration reverses the drug resistance of platinum drugs and suppressed metastasis induced by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Sal promoted the degradation of HIF-1α. In conclusion, Sal significantly increased the sensitivity to platinum drugs and inhibited hypoxia-induced EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through inhibiting HIF-1α signaling pathway. INTERPRETATION Therefore, Sal may be an effective platinum drug sensitizer that can improve the chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Deng-Hui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan-Hao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai-Liang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Long Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Rong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.
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4
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Qin Y, Liu HJ, Li M, Zhai DH, Tang YH, Yang L, Qiao KL, Yang JH, Zhong WL, Zhang Q, Liu YR, Yang G, Sun T, Yang C. Salidroside improves the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and reverses the drug resistance of platinum drugs via HIF-1α signaling pathway. EBioMedicine 2018; 38:25-36. [PMID: 30396856 PMCID: PMC6306459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia commonly occurs in solid tumors. The hypoxia in the center of solid tumors considerably decreases the chemosensitivity of tumor cells and induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as drug resistance of antitumor drugs. Methods Here, the effects of salidroside (Sal) combined with platinum drugs on human hepatocellular carcinoma were examined in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the antitumor effects of Sal by inhibiting the drug resistance and explained its mechanism in inhibiting tumor growth. Findings The results showed that Sal co-administration reverses the drug resistance of platinum drugs and suppressed metastasis induced by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Sal promoted the degradation of HIF-1α. In conclusion, Sal significantly increased the sensitivity to platinum drugs and inhibited hypoxia-induced EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through inhibiting HIF-1α signaling pathway. Interpretation Therefore, Sal may be an effective platinum drug sensitizer that can improve the chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Deng-Hui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan-Hao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai-Liang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Long Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Rong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.
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Wang M, Zhao X, Zhu D, Liu T, Liang X, Liu F, Zhang Y, Dong X, Sun B. HIF-1α promoted vasculogenic mimicry formation in hepatocellular carcinoma through LOXL2 up-regulation in hypoxic tumor microenvironment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2017; 36:60. [PMID: 28449718 PMCID: PMC5408450 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have steadily increased in recent years. A hypoxic microenvironment is one of the most important characteristics of solid tumors which has been shown to promote tumor metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and vasculogenic mimicry have been regarded as crucial contributing factors to cancer progression. HIF-1α functions as a master transcriptional regulator in the adaptive response to hypoxia. Lysyl oxidases like 2 (LOXL2) is a member of the lysyl oxidase family, which main function is to catalyze the covalent cross-linkages of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. Recent work has demonstrated that HIF-1α promotes the expression of LOXL2, which is believed to amplify tumor aggressiveness. LOXL2 has shown to promote metastasis and is correlated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of our study is to explore the role of HIF-1α in progression and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting the expression of LOXL2 as well as the potential regulatory mechanism. Methods HIF-1α, LOXL2 expression and CD31/periodic acid-Schiff double staining in HCC patient samples were examined by immunohistochemical staining. shRNA plasmids against HIF-1α was used to determine whether LOXL2 been increased by HIF-1α. We monitored a series of rescue assays to demonstrate our hypothesis that LOXL2 is required and sufficient for HIF-1α induced EMT and VM formation, which mediates cellular transformation and takes effect in cellular invasion. Then we performed GeneChip® Human Transcriptome Array (HTA) 2.0 in HepG2 cells, HepG2 cells overexpressed LOXL2 and HepG2 cells treated with CoCl2. Results In clinical HCC tissues, it confirmed a positive relationship between HIF-1α and LOXL2 protein. Importantly, HIF-1α and LOXL2 high expression and the presence of vasculogenic mimicry were correlated to poor prognosis. HIF-1α was found to induce EMT, HCC cell migration, invasion and VM formation by regulating LOXL2. The results of microarray assays were analyzed. Conclusion HIF-1α plays an important role in the development of HCC by promoting HCC metastasis, EMT and VM through up-regulating LOXL2. This study highlights the potential therapeutic value of targeting LOXL2 for suppression of HCC metastasis and progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0533-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Dongwang Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Tieju Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiaohui Liang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xueyi Dong
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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