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Tang F, Reeves SR, Brune JE, Chang MY, Chan CK, Waldron P, Drummond SP, Milner CM, Alonge KM, Garantziotis S, Day AJ, Altemeier WA, Frevert CW. Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor ( IαI) and hyaluronan modifications enhance the innate immune response to influenza virus in the lung. Matrix Biol 2024; 126:25-42. [PMID: 38232913 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) complex is composed of the bikunin core protein with a single chondroitin sulfate (CS) attached and one or two heavy chains (HCs) covalently linked to the CS chain. The HCs from IαI can be transferred to hyaluronan (HA) through a TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) dependent process to form an HC•HA matrix. Previous studies reported increased IαI, HA, and HC•HA complexes in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) post-influenza infection. However, the expression and incorporation of HCs into the HA matrix of the lungs during the clinical course of influenza A virus (IAV) infection and the biological significance of the HC•HA matrix are poorly understood. The present study aimed to better understand the composition of HC•HA matrices in mice infected with IAV and how these matrices regulate the host pulmonary immune response. In IAV infected mice bikunin, HC1-3, TSG-6, and HAS1-3 all show increased gene expression at various times during a 12-day clinical course. The increased accumulation of IαI and HA was confirmed in the lungs of infected mice using immunohistochemistry and quantitative digital pathology. Western blots confirmed increases in the IαI components in BALF and lung tissue at 6 days post-infection (dpi). Interestingly, HCs and bikunin recovered from BALF and plasma from mice 6 dpi with IAV, displayed differences in the HC composition by Western blot analysis and differences in bikunin's CS chain sulfation patterns by mass spectrometry analysis. This strongly suggests that the IαI components were synthesized in the lungs rather than translocated from the vascular compartment. HA was significantly increased in BALF at 6 dpi, and the HA recovered in BALF and lung tissues were modified with HCs indicating the presence of an HC•HA matrix. In vitro experiments using polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) treated mouse lung fibroblasts (MLF) showed that modification of HA with HCs increased cell-associated HA, and that this increase was due to the retention of HA in the MLF glycocalyx. In vitro studies of leukocyte adhesion showed differential binding of lymphoid (Hut78), monocyte (U937), and neutrophil (dHL60) cell lines to HA and HC•HA matrices. Hut78 cells adhered to immobilized HA in a size and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, the binding of dHL60 and U937 cells depended on generating a HC•HA matrix by MLF. Our in vivo findings, using multiple bronchoalveolar lavages, correlated with our in vitro findings in that lymphoid cells bound more tightly to the HA-glycocalyx in the lungs of influenza-infected mice than neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs). The neutrophils and MNPs were associated with a HC•HA matrix and were more readily lavaged from the lungs. In conclusion, this work shows increased IαI and HA accumulation and the formation of a HC•HA matrix in mouse lungs post-IAV infection. The formation of HA and HC•HA matrices could potentially create specific microenvironments in the lungs for immune cell recruitment and activation during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Tang
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Stephen R Reeves
- Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jourdan E Brune
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Y Chang
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina K Chan
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Waldron
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sheona P Drummond
- Welcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Faculty of Biology Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline M Milner
- Faculty of Biology Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Anthony J Day
- Welcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Faculty of Biology Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William A Altemeier
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Center for Lung Biology, the University of Washington at South Lake Union, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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