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Hood ZD, Chen X, Sacci RL, Liu X, Veith GM, Mo Y, Niu J, Dudney NJ, Chi M. Elucidating Interfacial Stability between Lithium Metal Anode and Li Phosphorus Oxynitride via In Situ Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2021; 21:151-157. [PMID: 33337887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Li phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is one of a very few solid electrolytes that have demonstrated high stability against Li metal and extended cyclability with high Coulombic efficiency for all solid-state batteries (ASSBs). However, theoretical calculations show that LiPON reacts with Li metal. Here, we utilize in situ electron microscopy to observe the dynamic evolutions at the LiPON-Li interface upon contacting and under biasing. We reveal that a thin interface layer (∼60 nm) develops at the LiPON-Li interface upon contact. This layer is composed of conductive binary compounds that show a unique spatial distribution that warrants an electrochemical stability of the interface, serving as an effective passivation layer. Our results explicate the excellent cyclability of LiPON and reconcile the existing debates regarding the stability of the LiPON-Li interface, demonstrating that, though glassy solid electrolytes may not have a perfect initial electrochemical window with Li metal, they may excel in future applications for ASSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Hood
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CEAS, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Robert L Sacci
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Gabriel M Veith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Junjie Niu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CEAS, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Nancy J Dudney
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Ahmadi M, Tichelaar FD, Ihring A, Kunze M, Billat S, Esfahani ZK, Zandbergen HW. Locally Condensed Water as a Solution for In Situ Wet Corrosion Electron Microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2020; 26:211-219. [PMID: 32051046 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In microstructural corrosion studies, knowledge on the initiation of corrosion on an nm-scale is lacking. In situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies can elucidate where/how the corrosion starts, provided that the proper corrosive conditions are present during the investigation. In wet corrosion studies with liquid cell nanoreactors (NRs), the liquid along the electron beam direction leads to strong scattering and therefore image blurring. Thus, a quick liquid removal or thickness control of the liquid layer is preferred. This can be done by the use of a Peltier element embedded in an NR. As a prelude to such in situ work, we demonstrate the local wetting of a TEM sample, by creating a temperature decrease of 10 ± 2°C on the membrane of an NR with planar Sb/BiSb thermoelectric materials for the Peltier element. TEM samples were prepared and loaded in an NR using a dual-beam focused ion beam scanning electron microscope. A mixture of water vapor and carrier gas was passed through a chamber, which holds the micro-electromechanical system Peltier device and resulted in quick formation of a water layer/droplets on the sample. The TEM analysis after repeated corrosion of the same sample (ex situ studies) shows the onset and progression of O2 and H2S corrosion of the AA2024-T3 alloy and cold-rolled HCT980X steel lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ahmadi
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Frans D Tichelaar
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Ihring
- Leibniz-IPHT, Leibniz Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kunze
- HSG-IMIT-Institut für Mikro-und Informationstechnik der Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft e.V., Wilhelm-Schickard-Str. 10, 78052Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Sophie Billat
- HSG-IMIT-Institut für Mikro-und Informationstechnik der Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft e.V., Wilhelm-Schickard-Str. 10, 78052Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Zahra Kolahdouz Esfahani
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Henny W Zandbergen
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJDelft, The Netherlands
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VandenBussche EJ, Flannigan DJ. Sources of error in Debye-Waller-effect measurements relevant to studies of photoinduced structural dynamics. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 196:111-120. [PMID: 30352384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We identify and quantify several practical effects likely to be present in both static and ultrafast electron-scattering experiments that may interfere with the Debye-Waller (DW) effect. Using 120-nm thick, small-grained, polycrystalline aluminum foils as a test system, we illustrate the impact of specimen tilting, in-plane translation, and changes in z height on Debye-Scherrer-ring intensities. We find that tilting by less than one degree can result in statistically-significant changes in diffracted-beam intensities for large specimen regions containing > 105 nanocrystalline grains. We demonstrate that, in addition to effective changes in the field of view with tilting, slight texturing of the film can result in deviations from expected DW-effect behavior. Further, we find that in-plane translations of as little as 20 nm also produce statistically-significant intensity changes, while normalization to total image counts eliminates such effects arising from changes in z height. The results indicate that the use of polycrystalline films in ultrafast electron-scattering experiments can greatly reduce the negative impacts of these effects as compared to single-crystal specimens, though it does not entirely eliminate them. Thus, it is important to account for such effects when studying thin-foil specimens having relatively short reciprocal-lattice rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisah J VandenBussche
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - David J Flannigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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Ward MR, Theobald B, Sharman J, Boyes ED, Gai PL. Direct observations of dynamic PtCo interactions in fuel cell catalyst precursors at the atomic level using E(S)TEM. J Microsc 2017; 269:143-150. [PMID: 28682468 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reduction reactions in practical bimetallic platinum-cobalt electrode catalyst precursors containing platinum, cobalt and cobalt oxides in hydrogen at 200, 450 and 700 °C for 6 h have been studied in situ using an aberration corrected environmental (scanning) transmission electron microscope (AC E(S)TEM). Little difference was observed in reduction at 200 °C but during and after reduction at 450 °C, small nanoparticles less than 3 nm in diameter with tetragonal PtCo structures were observed and limited Pt3 Co ordering could be seen on the surfaces of larger nanoparticles. During and after reduction at 700 °C, fully ordered Pt3 Co and PtCo nanoparticles larger than 4 nm were produced and the average nanoparticle size almost trebled relative to the fresh precursor. After reduction at 450 and 700 °C, most nanoparticles were disordered platinum/cobalt alloys with fcc structure. After reduction at 700 °C many of the smallest nanoparticles disappeared suggesting Ostwald ripening had occurred. Mechanisms concerning the thermal transformation of mixed cobalt and platinum species are discussed, offering new insights into the creation of bimetallic platinum-cobalt nanoparticles in fuel cell catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ward
- York Nanocentre, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - B Theobald
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common, Reading, UK
| | - J Sharman
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common, Reading, UK
| | - E D Boyes
- York Nanocentre, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.,York Nanocentre, Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - P L Gai
- York Nanocentre, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.,York Nanocentre, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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Tang DM, Ren CL, Lv R, Yu WJ, Hou PX, Wang MS, Wei X, Xu Z, Kawamoto N, Bando Y, Mitome M, Liu C, Cheng HM, Golberg D. Amorphization and Directional Crystallization of Metals Confined in Carbon Nanotubes Investigated by in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2015; 15:4922-4927. [PMID: 26114583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The hollow core of a carbon nanotube (CNT) provides a unique opportunity to explore the physics, chemistry, biology, and metallurgy of different materials confined in such nanospace. Here, we investigate the nonequilibrium metallurgical processes taking place inside CNTs by in situ transmission electron microscopy using CNTs as nanoscale resistively heated crucibles having encapsulated metal nanowires/crystals in their channels. Because of nanometer size of the system and intimate contact between the CNTs and confined metals, an efficient heat transfer and high cooling rates (∼10(13) K/s) were achieved as a result of a flash bias pulse followed by system natural quenching, leading to the formation of disordered amorphous-like structures in iron, cobalt, and gold. An intermediate state between crystalline and amorphous phases was discovered, revealing a memory effect of local short-to-medium range order during these phase transitions. Furthermore, subsequent directional crystallization of an amorphous iron nanowire formed by this method was realized under controlled Joule heating. High-density crystalline defects were generated during crystallization due to a confinement effect from the CNT and severe plastic deformation involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cui-Lan Ren
- §Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
- ∥Division of Nuclear Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Ruitao Lv
- ⊥Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wan-Jing Yu
- §Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Hou
- §Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chang Liu
- §Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- §Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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