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Wang Y, Zhang A, Li Q, Liu C. Modulating pancreatic cancer microenvironment: The efficacy of Huachansu in mouse models via TGF-β/Smad pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 326:117872. [PMID: 38325667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huachansu (HCS) is a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from the dried skin glands of Bufo gargarizans and clinical uses of HCS have been approved in China to treat malignant tumors. The traditional Chinese medicine theory states that HCS relieves patients with cancer by promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis. Clinical observation found that local injection of HCS given to pancreatic cancer patients can significantly inhibit tumor progression and assist in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. However, the material basis and underlying mechanism have not yet been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the therapeutic potential of HCS for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in in situ transplanted tumor nude mouse model. Furthermore, this study sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its efficacy and assess the impact of HCS on the microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. To identify the antitumor effect of HCS in in situ transplanted tumor nude mouse model and determine the Chemopreventive mechanism of HCS on tumor microenvironment (TME). METHODS Using the orthotopic transplantation nude mouse model with fluorescently labeled pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), we examined the effect of HCS on the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) microenvironment based on the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad pathway. The expression of TGF-β, smad2, smad3, smad4, collagen type-1 genes and proteins in nude mouse model were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS HCS significantly reduced tumor growth rate, increased the survival rate, and ameliorated the histopathological changes in the pancreas. It was found that HCS concentration-dependently reduced the expression of TGF-β1 and collagen type-1 genes and proteins, decreased the expression of Smad2 and Smad3 genes, and downregulated the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3. Additionally, the gene and protein expression of Smad4 were promoted by HCS. Further, the promoting effect gradually enhanced with the rise of HCS concentration. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated HCS could regulate the activity of the TGF-β/Smad pathway in PDAC, improved the microenvironment of PDAC and delayed tumor progression. This study not only indicated that the protective mechanism of HCS on PDAC might be attributed partly to the inhibition of cytokine production and the TGF-β/Smad pathway, but also provided evidence for HCS as a potential medicine for PDAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehui Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100105, China.
| | - Arun Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100105, China.
| | - Quanwang Li
- Oncology Department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China.
| | - Chuanbo Liu
- Oncology Department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China.
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Qin L, Yu Q, Huang Y, Zhang L, Yan X, Wu W, Liao F, Zhang J, Cui H, Zhang J, Fan H. A novel fluorescent sensor with an overtone peak reference for highly sensitive detection of mercury (II) ions and hydrogen sulfide: Mechanisms and applications in environmental monitoring and bioanalysis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342086. [PMID: 38182341 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study introduces a novel fluorescent sensor with an overtone peak reference designed for the detection of mercury (Ⅱ) ions (Hg2+) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The study proposes two novel response mechanisms that hinges on the synergistic effect of cation exchange dissociation (CED) and photo-induced electron transfer (PET). This sensor exhibits a remarkable detection limit of 2.9 nM for Hg2+. Additionally, the sensor reacts with H2S to generate nickel sulfide (NiS) semiconductor nanoparticles, which amplify the fluorescence signal and enable a detection limit of 3.1 nM for H2S. The detection limit for H2S is further improved to 29.1 pM through the surface functionalization of the nanomaterial with pyridine groups (increasing reactivity) and chelation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which enhances the sensor's specificity. This improvement is primarily due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of AuNPs and their affinity for H2S. The single-emission strategy can yield skewed results due to environmental changes, whereas the overtone peak reference strategy enhances result accuracy and reliability by detecting environmental interference through reference emission peaks. In another observation, the low-toxicity dihydropyrene-bipyridine nanorods (TPP-BPY) has been successfully utilized for both endogenous and exogenous H2S detection in vivo using a mouse model. The successful development of TPP-BPY is expected to provide an effective tool for studying the role of H2S in biomedical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longshua Qin
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Qiangqiang Yu
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Leichang Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xinying Yan
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Fusheng Liao
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Hanfeng Cui
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Hao Fan
- Affiliated Hospital and College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
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Yu Z, Vepris O, Eich C, Feng Y, Que I, Camps MGM, Zhang H, Ossendorp FA, Cruz LJ. Upconversion nanoparticle platform for efficient dendritic cell antigen delivery and simultaneous tracking. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:368. [PMID: 36057018 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) represent a group of NPs that can convert near-infrared (NIR) light into ultraviolet and visible light, thus possess deep tissue penetration power with less background fluorescence noise interference, and do not induce damage to biological tissues. Due to their unique optical properties and possibility for surface modification, UCNPs can be exploited for concomitant antigen delivery into dendritic cells (DCs) and monitoring by molecular imaging. In this study, we focus on the development of a nano-delivery platform targeting DCs for immunotherapy and simultaneous imaging. OVA 254–267 (OVA24) peptide antigen, harboring a CD8 T cell epitope, and Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4) adjuvant were chemically linked to the surface of UCNPs by amide condensation to stimulate DC maturation and antigen presentation. The OVA24-Pam3CSK4-UCNPs were thoroughly characterized and showed a homogeneous morphology and surface electronegativity, which promoted a good dispersion of the NPs. In vitro experiments demonstrated that OVA24-Pam3CSK4-UCNPs induced a strong immune response, including DC maturation, T cell activation, and proliferation, as well as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production. In vivo, highly sensitive upconversion luminescence (UCL) imaging of OVA24-Pam3CSK4-UCNPs allowed tracking of UCNPs from the periphery to lymph nodes. In summary, OVA24-Pam3CSK4-UCNPs represent an effective tool for DC-based immunotherapy.
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Sohrabi R, Miri-Hakimabad H, Hoseinian-Azghadi E, Vega-Carrillo HR. Age-specific calibration for in vivo monitoring of thyroid: is it necessary? Radiat Environ Biophys 2022; 61:399-406. [PMID: 35842886 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Usually, an age-specific calibration of detectors used for in vivo monitoring of 131I thyroid radioactivity is not performed in practice. This study aimed to investigate the reduction in uncertainty that one can expect if an age-specific calibration is performed. For this, voxel and stylized computational phantoms of the thyroid, corresponding to children at different age groups, were used to simulate the calibration process of 131I detectors used for thyroid monitoring. SCK•CEN physical phantoms were also used for this purpose. Both analytical and Monte Carlo methods (MCNPX version 2.6.0) were used to estimate the counting efficiencies of the considered detectors. The results show that the uncertainties in the assessment of thyroid activity at a distance of 20 cm would be reduced from a range of +8% to +30%, to a range from - 6% to +15% when age-specific calibration was performed. Using a calibration based on thyroids of adults would result in an overestimation of the thyroid activity for children by up to 30% at a detector-neck distance of about 20 cm; a larger overestimation may be expected at closer distances. It is concluded that age-specific calibration of in vivo monitoring systems for the thyroid is important and has to be taken into consideration to improve the reliability of thyroid dose assessment for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Sohrabi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi square, Mashhad, 91775-1436, Iran
| | - Hashem Miri-Hakimabad
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi square, Mashhad, 91775-1436, Iran.
| | | | - Héctor René Vega-Carrillo
- Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares de La Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, C. Cipres 10, Fracc. La Peñuela, 98068, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
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Qiu J, Zhang T, Zhu F, Ouyang G. In vivo monitoring and exposure potency assessment of phase I metabolism of fenthion in vegetables. J Hazard Mater 2020; 399:123013. [PMID: 32526427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the phase I metabolism of fenthion was monitored in three common vegetables in different chamber situations via an in vivo solid-phase microextraction method. The phase I metabolic pathways of fenthion were evaluated based on the in vivo monitoring results and their comparisons among the chamber situations. Enzyme catalysis was found to play a basic and dominant role, whereas light catalysis could promote subsequent transformations that were difficult for enzyme catalysis. Moreover, according to the concentrations of the metabolites and their toxicity, the total concentrations and total toxicity weighted concentrations were calculated to reveal actual residual levels. The relative total and weighted exposure potency values were calculated to account for the fact that only the parent pesticide was considered in the diet exposure risk assessment. In result, both total and weighted approaches indicated a much higher exposure risk. Present study uncovered the potential pesticide exposure risk associated with phase I metabolism and highlighted the toxicity weighted approach, both of which more realistically reflect the exposure risk than the parent compound concentration does. In general, this study may facilitate further illustrating the phase I metabolism of ubiquitous agricultural pesticides, and provide a more realistically understanding of their exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Tianlang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Kim SC, Lee EH, Yu JH, Kim SM, Nam BG, Chung HY, Kim YS, Cho SR, Park CH. Cell Surface Antigen Display for Neuronal Differentiation-Specific Tracking. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:78-84. [PMID: 30458601 PMCID: PMC6319552 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapeutic agents for treating degenerative brain diseases using neural stem cells are actively being developed. However, few systems have been developed to monitor in real time whether the transplanted neural stem cells are actually differentiated into neurons. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a technology capable of specifically monitoring neuronal differentiation in vivo. In this study, we established a system that expresses cell membrane-targeting red fluorescent protein under control of the Synapsin promoter in order to specifically monitor differentiation from neural stem cells into neurons. In order to overcome the weak expression level of the tissue-specific promoter system, the partial 5′ UTR sequence of Creb was added for efficient expression of the cell surface-specific antigen. This system was able to track functional neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells transplanted in vivo, which will help improve stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Chul Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hea Yu
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Kim
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Geun Nam
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Graduate Program of NanoScience and Technology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yong Chung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Department of New Drug Discovery & Development, Graduate School of New Drug Discovery & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Graduate Program of NanoScience and Technology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Bjerring PN, Bjerrum EJ, Larsen FS. Impaired cerebral microcirculation induced by ammonium chloride in rats is due to cortical adenosine release. J Hepatol 2018; 68:1137-1143. [PMID: 29452205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver failure results in hyperammonaemia, impaired regulation of cerebral microcirculation, encephalopathy, and death. However, the key mediator that alters cerebral microcirculation remains unidentified. In this study we show that topically applied ammonium significantly increases periarteriolar adenosine tone on the brain surface of healthy rats and is associated with a disturbed microcirculation. METHODS Cranial windows were prepared in anaesthetized Wistar rats. The flow velocities were measured by speckle contrast imaging and compared before and after 30 min of exposure to 10 mM ammonium chloride applied on the brain surface. These flow velocities were compared with those for control groups exposed to artificial cerebrospinal fluid or ammonium plus an adenosine receptor antagonist. A flow preservation curve was obtained by analysis of flow responses to a haemorrhagic hypotensive challenge and during stepwise exsanguination. The periarteriolar adenosine concentration was measured with enzymatic biosensors inserted in the cortex. RESULTS After ammonium exposure the arteriolar flow velocity increased by a median (interquartile range) of 21.7% (23.4%) vs. 7.2% (10.2%) in controls (n = 10 and n = 6, respectively, p <0.05), and the arteriolar surface area increased. There was a profound rise in the periarteriolar adenosine concentration. During the hypotensive challenge the flow decreased by 27.8% (14.9%) vs. 9.2% (14.9%) in controls (p <0.05). The lower limit of flow preservation remained unaffected, 27.7 (3.9) mmHg vs. 27.6 (6.4) mmHg, whereas the autoregulatory index increased, 0.29 (0.33) flow units per millimetre of mercury vs. 0.03 (0.21) flow units per millimetre of mercury (p <0.05). When ammonium exposure was combined with topical application of an adenosine receptor antagonist, the autoregulatory index was normalized. CONCLUSIONS Vasodilation of the cerebral microcirculation during exposure to ammonium chloride is associated with an increase in the adenosine tone. Application of a specific adenosine receptor antagonist restores the regulation of the microcirculation. This indicates that adenosine could be a key mediator of the brain dysfunction seen during hyperammonaemia and is a potential therapeutic target. LAY SUMMARY In patients with liver failure, disturbances in brain function are caused in part by ammonium toxicity. In our project we studied how ammonia, through adenosine release, affects the blood flow in the brain of rats. In our experimental model we demonstrated that the detrimental effect of ammonia on blood flow regulation was counteracted by blocking the adenosine receptors in the brain. With this observation we identified a novel potential treatment target. If we can confirm our findings in a future clinical study, this might help patients with liver failure and the severe condition called hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nissen Bjerring
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Gastro Unit, Medical Section, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Ferreira NR, Ledo A, Laranjinha J, Gerhardt GA, Barbosa RM. Simultaneous measurements of ascorbate and glutamate in vivo in the rat brain using carbon fiber nanocomposite sensors and microbiosensor arrays. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 121:142-150. [PMID: 29413864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposite sensors consisting of carbon fiber microelectrodes modified with Nafion® and carbon nanotubes, and ceramic-based microelectrode biosensor arrays were used to measure ascorbate and glutamate in the brain with high spatial, temporal and chemical resolution. Nanocomposite sensors displayed electrocatalytic properties towards ascorbate oxidation, translated into a negative shift from +0.20V to -0.05V vs. Ag/AgCl, as well as a significant increase (10-fold) of electroactive surface area. The estimated average basal concentration of ascorbate in vivo in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) sub regions of the hippocampus were 276±60μM (n=10), 183±30μM (n=10) and 133±42μM (n=10), respectively. The glutamate microbiosensor arrays showed a high sensitivity of 5.3±0.8pAμM-1 (n=18), and LOD of 204±32nM (n=10), and t50% response time of 0.9±0.02s (n=6) and high selectivity against major interferents. The simultaneous and real-time measurements of glutamate and ascorbate in the hippocampus of anesthetized rats following local stimulus with KCl or glutamate revealed a dynamic interaction between the two neurochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Ferreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Microelectrode Technology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Timmaraju KP, Fajurally BN, Armstrong AF, Chettle DR. Development of a (170)Tm source for mercury monitoring studies in humans using XRF. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 110:70-73. [PMID: 26773819 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The goals of the present study were to develop a (170)Tm radioisotope and generate a K XRF spectrum of mercury. Thulium foil and thulium oxide powder were both tested for impurities and the latter was found to be a better prospect for further studies. The (170)Tm radioisotope was developed from thulium oxide powder following the method of disolution and absorption. A suitable source holder and collimator were also designed based on Monte Carlo simulations. Using the radioisotope thus developed, a mercury XRF spectrum was successfully generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Phanisree Timmaraju
- Department of Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Bibi Najah Fajurally
- Department of Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Andrea F Armstrong
- Department of Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - David R Chettle
- Department of Medical Physics & Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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Ivanov DA, Bernards MA. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging as a tool to monitor the progress of a root pathogen in a perennial plant. Planta 2016; 243:263-79. [PMID: 26537710 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter ΦNO is an excellent metric for the non-destructive monitoring of disease progression, measured over a broad range of light intensities. The suitability of the slow induction chlorophyll fluorescence parameters ΦPSII, ΦNPQ, and ΦNO to monitor in vivo disease progression in a host-root pathogen pathosystem was evaluated and compared to the established method of monitoring disease by measuring Fv/Fm. Using the infection of ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolius L.) with Pythium irregulare Buisman as a model, light response curves were used to establish the optimal irradiance for the resolution of differences between fluorescence parameters ΦPSII, ΦNPQ and ΦNO. As infection progressed only changes in ΦNO remained consistent with increased irradiance, and increased as infection progressed. Furthermore, ΦNO showed a high sensitivity for distinguishing increased disease load. In contrast, the magnitude in change of ΦPSII and ΦNPQ were sensitive to irradiance levels. The magnitude of increase in ΦNO per unit disease score was equivalent to the corresponding decline in Fv/Fm values. Thus ΦNO is as sensitive as Fv/Fm in monitoring biotic stress. The ability to measure ΦNO under a wide range of light intensities, including natural light, potentially without the need for dark adaptation, means that it can be used in the development of a general protocol for non-invasive, in vivo monitoring of plant health, from the laboratory to the field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitre A Ivanov
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Guo H, Zhang H, Lu L, Ezzelarab MB, Thomson AW. Generation, cryopreservation, function and in vivo persistence of ex vivo expanded cynomolgus monkey regulatory T cells. Cell Immunol 2015; 295:19-28. [PMID: 25732601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We expanded flow-sorted Foxp3(+) cynomolgus monkey regulatory T cells (Treg) >1000-fold after three rounds of stimulation with anti-CD3 mAb-loaded artificial antigen-presenting cells, rapamycin (first round only) and IL-2. The expanded Treg maintained their expression of Treg signature markers, CD25, CD27, CD39, Foxp3, Helios, and CTLA-4, as well as CXCR3, which plays an important role in T cell migration to sites of inflammation. In contrast to expanded effector T cells (Teff), expanded Treg produced minimal IFN-γ and IL-17 and no IL-2 and potently suppressed Teff proliferation. Following cryopreservation, thawed Treg were less viable than their freshly-expanded counterparts, although no significant changes in phenotype or suppressive ability were observed. Additional rounds of stimulation/expansion restored maximal viability. Furthermore, adoptively-transferred autologous Treg expanded from cryopreserved second round stocks and labeled with CFSE or VPD450 were detected in blood and secondary lymphoid tissues of normal or immunosuppressed recipients at least two months after their systemic infusion.
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