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Desquesnes M, Sazmand A, Gonzatti M, Boulangé A, Bossard G, Thévenon S, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Waleckx E, Jamonneau V, Jacquiet P, Jittapalapong S, Berthier D, Solano P, Hébert L. Diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses: proper use of current tools and future prospects. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:235. [PMID: 35761373 PMCID: PMC9238167 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic tools are needed to choose the appropriate treatment and proper control measures for animal trypanosomoses, some of which are pathogenic. Trypanosoma cruzi, for example, is responsible for Chagas disease in Latin America. Similarly, pathogenic animal trypanosomoses of African origin (ATAO), including a variety of Trypanosoma species and subspecies, are currently found in Africa, Latin America and Asia. ATAO limit global livestock productivity and impact food security and the welfare of domestic animals. This review focusses on implementing previously reviewed diagnostic methods, in a complex epizootiological scenario, by critically assessing diagnostic results at the individual or herd level. In most cases, a single diagnostic method applied at a given time does not unequivocally identify the various parasitological and disease statuses of a host. These include “non-infected”, “asymptomatic carrier”, “sick infected”, “cured/not cured” and/or “multi-infected”. The diversity of hosts affected by these animal trypanosomoses and their vectors (or other routes of transmission) is such that integrative, diachronic approaches are needed that combine: (i) parasite detection, (ii) DNA, RNA or antigen detection and (iii) antibody detection, along with epizootiological information. The specificity of antibody detection tests is restricted to the genus or subgenus due to cross-reactivity with other Trypanosoma spp. and Trypanosomatidae, but sensitivity is high. The DNA-based methods implemented over the last three decades have yielded higher specificity and sensitivity for active infection detection in hosts and vectors. However, no single diagnostic method can detect all active infections and/or trypanosome species or subspecies. The proposed integrative approach will improve the prevention, surveillance and monitoring of animal trypanosomoses with the available diagnostic tools. However, further developments are required to address specific gaps in diagnostic methods and the sustainable control or elimination of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- UMR INTERTRYP, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), 31076, Toulouse, France.,INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), 23 chemin des Capelles, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
| | - Marisa Gonzatti
- Department of Cell Biology, Simón Bolívar University, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela
| | - Alain Boulangé
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Pierre Richet Institute, National Public Health Institute, BP 1500, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Géraldine Bossard
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD , Dakar, Senegal.,National Laboratory for Livestock and Veterinary Research, Senegalese Institute on Agricultural Research (ISRA), BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Senegal
| | - Philippe Truc
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Herder
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Ravel
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Sereno
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Regional Research Centre Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Philippe Jacquiet
- National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), 23 chemin des Capelles, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | | | - David Berthier
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Solano
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Hébert
- Physiopathology & Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit (PhEED), Laboratory of Animal Health, Normandy Site, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Rd 675 Les Places, 14430, Goustranville, France
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