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She M, Zhou H, Dong W, Xu Y, Gao L, Gao J, Yang Y, Yang Z, Cai D, Chen S. Modular metabolic engineering of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for high-level production of green biosurfactant iturin A. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:311. [PMID: 38676716 PMCID: PMC11055739 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
As a kind of biosurfactants, iturin A has attracted people's wide attentions due to their features of biodegradability, environmentally friendly, etc.; however, high production cost limited its extensive application, and the aim of this research wants to improve iturin A production in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Firstly, dual promoter was applied to strengthen iturin A synthetase expression, and its yield was increased to 1.25 g/L. Subsequently, original 5'-UTRs of downstream genes (ituA, ituB, and ituC) in iturin A synthetase cluster were optimized, which significantly increased mRNA secondary stability, and iturin A yield produced by resultant strain HZ-T3 reached 2.32 g/L. Secondly, synthetic pathway of α-glucosidase inhibitor 1-deoxynojirimycin was blocked to improve substrate corn starch utilization, and iturin A yield was increased by 34.91% to 3.13 g/L. Thirdly, efficient precursor (fatty acids, Ser, and Pro) supplies were proven as the critical role in iturin A synthesis, and 5.52 g/L iturin A was attained by resultant strain, through overexpressing yngH, serC, and introducing ocD. Meanwhile, genes responsible for poly-γ-glutamic acid, extracellular polysaccharide, and surfactin syntheses were deleted, which led to a 30.98% increase of iturin A yield. Finally, lipopeptide transporters were screened, and iturin A yield was increased by 17.98% in SwrC overexpression strain, reached 8.53 g/L, which is the highest yield of iturin A ever reported. This study laid a foundation for industrial production and application development of iturin A, and provided the guidance of metabolic engineering breeding for efficient production of other metabolites synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. KEY POINTS: • Optimizing 5'-UTR is an effective tactics to regulate synthetase cluster expression. • Blocking 1-DNJ synthesis benefited corn starch utilization and iturin A production. • The iturin A yield attained in this work was the highest yield reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin She
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanrong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Gao
- Hubei Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Wuhan, 430000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Tunsagool P, Ploypetch S, Jaresitthikunchai J, Roytrakul S, Choowongkomon K, Rattanasrisomporn J. Efficacy of cyclic lipopeptides obtained from Bacillus subtilis to inhibit the growth of Microsporum canis isolated from cats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07980. [PMID: 34585007 PMCID: PMC8450251 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Microsporum canis (M. canis) is a dermatophyte fungal pathogen that causes ringworms. Cats are considered to be a dominant reservoir host enabling M. canis transmission to humans. The concerns of dermatophyte resistance were raised among the usage of antifungal drugs to treat the ringworm. This study aimed to evaluate the fungal activity of cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) obtained from Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) as an alternative method for the inhibition of M. canis growth. Materials and methods The culture plate of M. canis from confirmed cats with ringworm infection was provided. The purification of CLP extract, fengycin, iturin A, and surfactin was carried out from B. subtilis by preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC) coupled with solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods. Half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) and agar well diffusion assays were performed to determine the efficacy of Bacillus CLP extract, fengycin, iturin A, and surfactin to inhibit the growth of M. canis isolated from cats. Results All purified Bacillus substances displayed antifungal activity to control the growth of M. canis when compared with 80% ethanol (control). EC50 values for CLP extract, fengycin, iturin A, and surfactin were 0.23, 0.05, 0.17, and 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. In agar well diffusion assay, the ability of CLP extract, fengycin, iturin A, and surfactin on fungal inhibition had no statistically significant difference at 24 and 48 h after treatment (p < 0.05). However, CLP extract showed a statistically significant difference on M. canis inhibition at 62.21% followed by surfactin with 59.04% at 72 h after treatment. Conclusion In vitro, Bacillus CLPs revealed an inhibitory effect on M. canis growth which is a zoonotic pathogen that causes ringworms. This study suggests an alternative approach to control the growth of M. canis using substances obtained from B. subtilis as a biomedicine agent with antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paiboon Tunsagool
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sekkarin Ploypetch
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Janthima Jaresitthikunchai
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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Zhao H, Yan L, Guo L, Sun H, Huang Q, Shao D, Jiang C, Shi J. Effects of Bacillus subtilis iturin A on HepG2 cells in vitro and vivo. AMB Express 2021; 11:67. [PMID: 33970365 PMCID: PMC8110684 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iturin A with cyclic peptide and fatty acid chain isolated from Bacillus subtilis fermentation shows a variety of biological activities. Among them, the anticancer activity attracted much attention. However, the molecular mechanism of its inhibitory effect on hepatocellular carcinoma was still unclear. Thus its effect on hepatocellular carcinoma was tested in this research. It was found that iturin A could enter HepG2 cells immediately and cause reactive oxygen species burst, disrupt cell cycle and induce apoptosis, paraptosis and autophagy in vitro. The iturin A without fatty acid chain showed no antitumor activity. Amphiphilic is critical to the activity of iturin A. The anticancer activity of iturin A to hepatocellular carcinoma was also verified in mice models carrying xenograft tumors constructed by HepG2 cells. At a dosage of 3 mg/kg/day, iturin A significantly inhibited the further increase of the tumor weight by 58.55%, and reduced the expression of Ki67 in tumor. In the tumor treated with iturin A, lymphocyte infiltration was found, and the expressions of TGF-β1and PD-L1 were decreased, which indicated that the tumor immune microenvironment was improved. Besides, iturin A showed no significant harm on the health of mice except slight disturbance of liver function. These results suggested that iturin A had significant antitumor effect in vitro and vivo, and provide a basis for the application of iturin A as anticancer agent.
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Yue H, Zhong J, Li Z, Zhou J, Yang J, Wei H, Shu D, Luo D, Tan H. Optimization of iturin A production from Bacillus subtilis ZK-H2 in submerge fermentation by response surface methodology. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:36. [PMID: 33457169 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, single-factor and response surface experiments were conducted in the fed-batch fermentation process to improve the yield of iturin A. The effect of adding various concentrations of precursor amino acids l-asparagine (Asn), l-aspartic acid (Asp), l-glutamic acid (Glu), l-glutamine (Gln), l-Serine (Ser) and l-proline (Pro) at different adding times (3 and 12 h) on iturin A production and cell growth was studied. The respective addition of amino acids (Asp 0.28 g/L; Asn 0.36 g/L; Glu 0.20, 0.28 and 0.360 g/L; Gln 0.20, 0.28 and 0.36 g/L; Pro 0.12, 0.20, 0.28 and 0.36 g/L) at 3 h was shown to improve cell growth but did not affect the yield of iturin A. Meanwhile, the individual addition of the same amino acids at 12 h improved cell growth and increased the yield of iturin A. Excellent correlation was obtained between the predicted and measured values, suggesting that the regression model was accurate and reliable; highly significant (P < 0.0001), and the determination coefficient (R2 = 0.975). When 0.0752 g/L Asn; 0.1992 g/L Gln and 0.1464 g/L Pro were added at 12 h, the yield of iturin A reached 0.85 g/L, which is 32.81%-fold higher than that of the initial process. Therefore, this study obtained optimal parameters for iturin A production by the experimental method, and process validation gave high iturin A yields (0.85 g/L) during a 60 h fermentation. These findings could guide an up-scaling of the fermentation process. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (10.1007/s13205-020-02540-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Liang J, Wu L, Gao W, Jiang J. Iturin A Extracted From Bacillus subtilis WL-2 Affects Phytophthora infestans via Cell Structure Disruption, Oxidative Stress, and Energy Supply Dysfunction. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:536083. [PMID: 33013776 PMCID: PMC7509112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.536083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, represents a great food security threat worldwide and is difficult to control. Recently, Bacillus spp. have been considered biocontrol agents to control many plant diseases. Here, Bacillus subtilis WL-2 was selected as a potent strain against P. infestans mycelium growth, and its functional metabolite was identified as Iturin A via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that Iturin A caused cell membrane disruption and an irregular internal cell structure. In addition, Iturin A triggered oxidative stress reactions similarly to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in P. infestans cells and caused mitochondrial damage, including mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity (MRCCA), and ATP production decline. These results highlight that the cell structure disruption, oxidative stress, and energy supply dysfunction induced by Iturin A play an important role in inhibiting P. infestans. Additionally, B. subtilis WL-2 and Iturin A have great potential for inhibiting P. infestans mycelium growth and controlling potato late blight in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Wang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Congying Zhang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiao Liang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lufang Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenbin Gao
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jizhi Jiang
- College of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Jiang C, Li Z, Shi Y, Guo D, Pang B, Chen X, Shao D, Liu Y, Shi J. Bacillus subtilis inhibits Aspergillus carbonarius by producing iturin A, which disturbs the transport, energy metabolism, and osmotic pressure of fungal cells as revealed by transcriptomics analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 330:108783. [PMID: 32659523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of Aspergillus carbonarius causes decreases and great decay of agricultural products, and threatens the human and animal health by producing mycotoxins, especially ochratoxin A. Bacillus subtilis has been proved to efficiently inhibit the growth of A. carbonarius. Revealing the major active compound and the mechanisms for the antifungal of B. subtilis are essential to enhance its antifungal activity and control the quality of antifungal products made of it. In this study, we determined that iturin A is the major compound that inhibits Aspergillus carbonarius, a widespread fungal pathogen of grape and other fruits. Iturin A significantly inhibited growth and ochratoxin A production of A. carbonarius with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 μg/mL and 0.312 μg/mL, respectively. Morphological observations revealed that iturin A caused swelling of the fungal cells and thinning of the cell wall and membrane at 1/2 MIC, whereas it inhibited fungal spore germination and caused mitochondrial swelling at higher concentrations. A differential transcriptomic analysis indicated that the mechanisms used by iturin A to inhibit A. carbonarius were to downregulate the expression of genes related to cell membrane, transport, osmotic pressure, oxidation-reduction processes, and energy metabolism. Among the down-regulated genes, those related to the transport capacity were most significantly influenced, including the increase of energy-related transport pathways and decrease of other pathways. Notably, the genes related to taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were also decreased, indicating iturin A potentially cause the occurrence of osmotic imbalance in A. carbonarius, which may be the intrinsic cause for the swelling of fungal cells and mitochondria. Overall, iturin A produced by B. subtilis played important roles to inhibit A. carbonarius via changing the fungal cell structure and causing perturbations to energy, transport and osmotic pressure metabolisms in fungi. The results indicated a new direction for researches on the mechanisms for lipopeptides and provided useful information to develop more efficient antifungal agents, which are important to agriculture and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Zhenzhu Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Yihong Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Bin Pang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Xianqing Chen
- Jiaxing Synbiolab Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province 314006, China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, 23 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Space Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
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Rong S, Xu H, Li L, Chen R, Gao X, Xu Z. Antifungal activity of endophytic Bacillus safensis B21 and its potential application as a biopesticide to control rice blast. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 162:69-77. [PMID: 31836057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria are potential biocontrol agents for the control of fungal diseases. Here, an endophyte strain, B21, was isolated from Osmanthus fragrans Lour. fruits and identified as Bacillus safensis by analysis of its 16S rDNA gene sequence and its biochemical and physiological characteristics. The culture filtrate showed antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae, which causes rice blast disease, and the IC50 of the methanol extract was 15.56 μg/mL, which was significantly lower than that of carbendazim (25.16 μg/mL). The antifungal activity of the methanol extract was stable at a wide range of pH values (1-9) and temperatures (40-100 °C). Two antifungal compounds were isolated by organic extraction, silica gel column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) analyses, the structures of the antifungal compounds were identified as iturin A2 and iturin A6. Additionally, the hyphae treated with iturin (iturin A2 or iturin A6) could be stained with the fluorescent dye propidium iodide (PI), indicating that these two compounds inhibited the growth of hyphae by changing the hyphal membrane permeability. In field experiments, spray treatment with fermentation broth resulted in a lower disease index than treatment with carbendazim, as did the culture filtrate. The results suggest that strain B21 and its bioactive compounds have the potential to be developed into a biopesticide for the biocontrol of rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhao Rong
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Chen W, Li X, Ma X, Chen S, Kang Y, Yang M, Huang F, Wan X. Simultaneous hydrolysis with lipase and fermentation of rapeseed cake for iturin A production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CX-20. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:98. [PMID: 31842877 PMCID: PMC6915999 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapeseed cake (RSC), as the intermediate by-product of oil extraction from the seeds of Brassica napus, can be converted into rapeseed meal (RSM) by solvent extraction to remove oil. However, compared with RSM, RSC has been rarely used as a raw material for microbial fermentation, although both RSC and RSM are mainly composed of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using untreated low-cost RSC as nitrogen source to produce the valuable cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CX-20 in submerged fermentation. Especially, the effect of oil in RSC on iturin A production and the possibility of using lipases to improve the iturin A production were analyzed in batch fermentation. RESULTS The maximum production of iturin A was 0.82 g/L at the optimal initial RSC and glucose concentrations of 90 and 60 g/L, respectively. When RSC was substituted with RSM as nitrogen source based on equal protein content, the final concentration of iturin A was improved to 0.95 g/L. The production of iturin A was further increased by the addition of different lipase concentrations from 0.1 to 5 U/mL into the RSC medium for simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation. At the optimal lipase concentration of 0.5 U/mL, the maximal production of iturin A reached 1.14 g/L, which was 38.15% higher than that without any lipase supplement. Although rapeseed oil and lipase were firstly shown to have negative effects on iturin A production, and the effect would be greater if the concentration of either was increased, their respective negative effects were reduced when used together. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate relative concentrations of lipase and rapeseed oil were demonstrated to support optimal iturin A production. And simultaneous hydrolysis with lipase and fermentation was an effective way to produce iturin A from RSC using B. amyloliquefaciens CX-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.,Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuli Ma
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Kang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Minmin Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.,Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China. .,Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
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Dang Y, Zhao F, Liu X, Fan X, Huang R, Gao W, Wang S, Yang C. Enhanced production of antifungal lipopeptide iturin A by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3 through metabolic engineering and culture conditions optimization. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:68. [PMID: 30971238 PMCID: PMC6457013 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iturins, which belong to antibiotic cyclic lipopeptides mainly produced by Bacillus sp., have the potential for application in biomedicine and biocontrol because of their hemolytic and antifungal properties. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3, isolated previously by our lab, possesses a complete iturin A biosynthetic pathway as shown by genomic analysis. Nevertheless, iturin A could not be synthesized by strain LL3, possibly resulting from low transcription level of the itu operon. Results In this work, enhanced transcription of the iturin A biosynthetic genes was implemented by inserting a strong constitutive promoter C2up into upstream of the itu operon, leading to the production of iturin A with a titer of 37.35 mg l−1. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that the strain produced four iturin A homologs with molecular ion peaks at m/z 1044, 1058, 1072 and 1086 corresponding to [C14 + 2H]2+, [C15 + 2H]2+, [C16 + 2H]2+ and [C17 + 2H]2+. The iturin A extract exhibited strong inhibitory activity against several common plant pathogens. The yield of iturin A was improved to 99.73 mg l−1 by the optimization of the fermentation conditions using a response surface methodology. Furthermore, the yield of iturin A was increased to 113.1 mg l−1 by overexpression of a pleiotropic regulator DegQ. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report on simultaneous production of four iturin A homologs (C14–C17) by a Bacillus strain. In addition, this study suggests that metabolic engineering in combination with culture conditions optimization may be a feasible method for enhanced production of bacterial secondary metabolites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1121-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Dang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Fengjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiangsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Weixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Shufang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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10
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Jujjavarapu SE, Dhagat S. In Silico Discovery of Novel Ligands for Antimicrobial Lipopeptides for Computer-Aided Drug Design. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 10:129-41. [PMID: 29218506 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens has created havoc worldwide. These antibiotic-resistant pathogens require potent drugs for their inhibition. Lipopeptides, which are produced as secondary metabolites by many microorganisms, have the ability to act as potent safe drugs. Lipopeptides are amphiphilic molecules containing a lipid chain bound to the peptide. They exhibit broad-spectrum activities against both bacteria and fungi. Other than their antimicrobial properties, they have displayed anti-cancer properties as well, but their mechanism of action is not understood. In silico drug design uses computer simulation to discover and develop new drugs. This technique reduces the need of expensive and tedious lab work and clinical trials, but this method becomes a challenge due to complex structures of lipopeptides. Specific agonists (ligands) must be identified to initiate a physiological response when combined with a receptor (lipopeptide). In silico drug design and homology modeling talks about the interaction between ligands and the binding sites. This review summarizes the mechanism of selected lipopeptides, their respective ligands, and in silico drug design.
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11
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Wu JY, Liao JH, Shieh CJ, Hsieh FC, Liu YC. Kinetic analysis on precursors for iturin A production from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BPD1. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:630-635. [PMID: 29907529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the precursor effect for iturin A production was quantitatively analyzed. A strain identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BPD1 (Ba-BPD1) was selected due to its ability to produce iturin A. The enhancement of iturin A production in a submerged culture was tested using various additives, including palmitic acid, oils, and complex amino acids. Among these, complex amino acids triggered the highest yield at 559 mg/L. The respective amino acids that contribute to the structure of iturin A were used as precursors. In fact, it was found that the addition of l-proline, l-glutamine, l-asparagine and l-serine could improve iturin A yield in the defined medium. However, during the kinetic analysis, all the amino acids exhibited a lower saturation level than l-serine, which exhibited a high saturation level at 1.2% resulting in an iturin A yield of 914 mg/L. In contrast, a negative effect was observed following the addition of l-tyrosine. To analyze the kinetic behavior of l-serine, three kinetic models were adopted: the kinetic order equation, the Langmuir kinetic equation, and a modified logistic equation. The regression results showed that the modified logistic model was the best fit for the kinetic behavior of l-serine as the major precursor, which could be further referred to the biosynthesis pathway of iturin A. Among the proposed processes for iturin A production, this study achieved the highest iturin A levels as a result of the addition of precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Yan Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Biopesticides Division, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung 41358, Taiwan
| | - Chwen-Jen Shieh
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chia Hsieh
- Biopesticides Division, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung 41358, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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12
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Zhang QX, Zhang Y, Shan HH, Tong YH, Chen XJ, Liu FQ. Isolation and identification of antifungal peptides from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W10. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:25000-25009. [PMID: 28920176 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal metabolites produced by Bacillus sp. W10, which was previously isolated from the tomato rhizosphere, were investigated. Strain W10 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by analysis of its 16S rDNA and gyrB gene partial sequences. PCR analysis showed the presence of fenB, sfp, and ituD genes, coding for fengycin, surfactin, and iturin, respectively. A novel small antifungal peptide, designated 5240, produced by this strain was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Superdex 200 gel filtration chromatography. The 5240 peptide was stable at 100 °C for 20 min and remained active throughout a wide pH range (4-10). The antagonistic activity was not affected by protease K and trypsin. The purified 5240 peptide exhibited a broad inhibitory spectrum against various plant pathogenic fungi and was identified as iturin A (C14-C16). Moreover, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry indicated the presence of fengycin A (C14-C15), fengycin B (C16-C17), and surfactin (C13-C16) isoforms in supernatants from strain W10. These results suggest that B. amyloliquefaciens W10 has significant potential as a biocontrol agent.
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MESH Headings
- Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/genetics
- Chromatography, Gel/methods
- DNA Gyrase/genetics
- DNA Gyrase/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- Fractional Precipitation/methods
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xia Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Hai-Huan Shan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China
| | - Yun-Hui Tong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xi-Jun Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Feng-Quan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 10014, China
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Kumar PN, Swapna TH, Khan MY, Daddam JR, Hameeda B. Molecular dynamics and protein interaction studies of lipopeptide ( Iturin A) on α- amylase of Spodoptera litura. J Theor Biol 2017; 415:41-7. [PMID: 27940096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The small mottled willow moth (Spodoptera litura) is one of the best-known agricultural pest insects. To understand the insecticidal activity, we have selected iturin A compound produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RHNK22 which showed the strongest and most common inhibitory effect on the Spodoptera litura protein. In this work we have identified the action of iturin A on α- amylase is a major digestive enzyme of Spodoptera litura using docking studies. A 3D model of α- amylase from Spodoptera litura was generated using 2HPH as a template with the help of Modeller7v7. With the aid of the molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics methods, the final model is obtained and is further checked by Procheck and Verify 3D graph programs, which showed that the final refined model is reliable. With this model, a adjustable docking study was performed with iturin A using GOLD software. The results indicated that ARG 18, THR15, LEU42 in α- amylase are important determinant residues in binding as they have strong hydrogen bonding interactions with iturin A. These hydrogen binding interactions play an important role for the stability of the complex.
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14
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Geissler M, Oellig C, Moss K, Schwack W, Henkel M, Hausmann R. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the simultaneous quantification of the cyclic lipopeptides Surfactin, Iturin A and Fengycin in culture samples of Bacillus species. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1044-1045:214-224. [PMID: 28153674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance thin-layer chromatography method has been established for the identification and simultaneous quantification of the cyclic lipopeptides Surfactin, Iturin A and Fengycin in Bacillus culture samples. B. subtilis DSM 10T, B. amyloliquefaciens DSM 7T and B. methylotrophicus DSM 23117 were used as model strains. Culture samples indicated that a sample pretreatment is necessary in order to run HPTLC analyses. A threefold extraction of the cell-free broth with the solvent chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) gave best results, when all three lipopeptides were included in the analysis. For the mobile phase, a two-step development was considered most suitable. The first development is conducted with chloroform/methanol/water (65:25:4, v/v/v) over a migration distance of 60mm and the second development using butanol/ethanol/0.1% acetic acid (1:4:1, v/v/v) over a migration distance of 60mm, as well. The method was validated according to Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology (FDA Guidance) with respect to the parameters linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy and recovery rate. A linear range with R2>0.99 was obtained for all samples from 30ng/zone up to 600ng/zone. The results indicated that quantification of Surfactin has to be performed after the first development (hRF=44), while Fengycin is quantified after the second development (hRF=36, hRF range=20-40). For Iturin A, the results demonstrated that quantification is in favor after the first (hRF=19) development, but also possible after the second (hRF=59) development. LOD and LOQ for Surfactin and Iturin A after the first development, and Fengycin after the second development were determined to be 16ng/zone and 47ng/zone, 13ng/zone and 39ng/zone, and 27ng/zone and 82ng/zone, respectively. Results further revealed the highly accurate and precise character of the developed method with a good inter- and intraday reproducibility. For the precision and accuracy, expressed as % recovery and relative standard deviation, respectively, the determined values did not exceed ±15% as specified by the FDA Guidance. The recovery assay conducted for samples obtained from two strains with the solvent chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), which was determined to be most suitable if all three lipopeptides are of interest, gave recoveries of 96.5% and 99.6%, 68.6% and 71.6%, and 102.5% and 95.2% for Surfactin, Iturin A and Fengycin, respectively. Overall, a suitable and reliable method for the simultaneous quantification of the lipopeptides Surfactin, Iturin A and Fengycin in biological samples using HPTLC was successfully developed and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareen Geissler
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Claudia Oellig
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karin Moss
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marius Henkel
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Hausmann
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Kalai-Grami L, Karkouch I, Naili O, Slimene IB, Elkahoui S, Zekri RB, Touati I, Mnari-Hattab M, Hajlaoui MR, Limam F. Production and identification of iturin A lipopeptide from Bacillus methyltrophicus TEB1 for control of Phoma tracheiphila. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:864-71. [PMID: 27125201 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A lipopeptide-producing endophytic Bacillus methyltrophicus TEB1 strain exhibited potent antifungal activity against Phoma tracheiphila. Lipopeptide production started at the early growth phase plateaued after 36 h of culture where it reduced the mycelium growth by 80%. The crude lipopeptide extract harvested at the stationary phase efficiently inhibited the growth of P. tracheiphila mycelium and MIC values displaying 50 and 90% inhibition of conidia germination were around 47.5 and 100 μg ml(-1) , respectively. Increasing lipopeptide extract till 3 mg ml(-1) induced 10% swelling and 3% crumbling of P. tracheiphila conidia whereas 5 mg ml(-1) induced 40% swelling and 20% crumbling. Mass spectrometry analysis of the lipopeptide extract indicated that surfactin production took place from 12 to 20 h, iturin A from 16 to 72 h, and fengycin from 12 to 72 h and that the main active compound against P. tracheiphila was identified as C15 iturin A lipopeptide. Iturin A appeared as a potential biological control agent able to substitute the currently used chemical pesticides in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kalai-Grami
- Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives, CBBC, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.,Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Appliquée à l'Agriculture, INRA, Hedi Karray, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Karkouch
- Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives, CBBC, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Omar Naili
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Appliquée à l'Agriculture, INRA, Hedi Karray, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben Slimene
- Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives, CBBC, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Salem Elkahoui
- Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives, CBBC, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | | | - Ines Touati
- Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives, CBBC, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Monia Mnari-Hattab
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Appliquée à l'Agriculture, INRA, Hedi Karray, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Rabeh Hajlaoui
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Appliquée à l'Agriculture, INRA, Hedi Karray, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ferid Limam
- Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives, CBBC, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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16
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Narendra Kumar P, Swapna TH, Khan MY, Reddy G, Hameeda B. Statistical optimization of antifungal iturin A production from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RHNK22 using agro-industrial wastes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 24:1722-1740. [PMID: 30294240 PMCID: PMC6169434 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants are secondary metabolites with surface active properties and have wide application in agriculture, industrial and therapeutic products. The present study was aimed to screen bacteria for the production of biosurfactant, its characterization and development of a cost effective media formulation for iturin A production. A total of 100 bacterial isolates were isolated from different rhizosphere soil samples by enrichment culture method and screened for biosurfactant activity. Twenty isolates were selected for further studies based on their biosurfactant activity [emulsification index (EI%), emulsification assay (EA), surface tension (ST) reduction] and antagonistic activity. Among them one potential isolate Bacillus sp. RHNK22 showed good EI% and EA with different hydrocarbons tested in this study. Using biochemical methods and 16S rRNA gene sequence, it was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Presence of iturin A in RHNK22 was identified by gene specific primers and confirmed as iturin A by FTIR and HPLC. B. amyloliquefaciens RHNK22 exhibited good surface active properties and antifungal activity against Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. For cost-effective production of iturin A, 16 different agro-industrial wastes were screened as substrates, and Sunflower oil cake (SOC) was favouring high iturin A production. Further, using response surface methodology (RSM) model, there was a 3-fold increase in iturin A production (using SOC 4%, inoculum size 1%, at pH 6.0 and 37 °C temperature in 48 h). This is the first report on using SOC as a substrate for iturin A production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Narendra Kumar
- Dept of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - T H Swapna
- Dept of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Mohamed Yahya Khan
- Dept of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Gopal Reddy
- Dept of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Bee Hameeda
- Dept of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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17
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Kawagoe Y, Shiraishi S, Kondo H, Yamamoto S, Aoki Y, Suzuki S. Cyclic lipopeptide iturin A structure-dependently induces defense response in Arabidopsis plants by activating SA and JA signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:1015-20. [PMID: 25842204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iturin A is the most well studied antifungal cyclic lipopeptide produced by Bacillus species that are frequently utilized as biological control agents. Iturin A not only shows strong antifungal activity against phytopathogens but also induces defense response in plants, thereby reducing plant disease severity. Here we report the defense signaling pathways triggered by iturin A in Arabidopsis salicylic acid (SA) or jasmonic acid (JA)-insensitive mutants. Iturin A activated the transcription of defense genes PR1 and PDF1.2 through the SA and JA signaling pathways, respectively. The role of iturin A as an elicitor was dependent on the cyclization of the seven amino acids and/or the β-hydroxy fatty acid chain. The iturin A derivative peptide, NH2-(L-Asn)-(D-Tyr)-(D-Asn)-(L-Gln)-(L-Pro)-(D-Asn)-(L-Ser)-COOH, completely suppressed PR1 and PDF1.2 gene expression in wild Arabidopsis plants. The identification of target molecules binding to iturin A and its derivative peptide is expected to shed new light on defense response in plants through the SA and JA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Kawagoe
- Laboratory of Fruit Genetic Engineering, The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | - Soma Shiraishi
- Laboratory of Fruit Genetic Engineering, The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kondo
- Laboratory of Fruit Genetic Engineering, The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinao Aoki
- Laboratory of Fruit Genetic Engineering, The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan
| | - Shunji Suzuki
- Laboratory of Fruit Genetic Engineering, The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0005, Japan.
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