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Abstract
Rice is one of the most important staple grains in Korea and the largest starch source in addition to its usefulness in the production of beverages. Under different areas and environments of production, various pests and diseases including soil-borne plant pathogens such as plant-parasitic nematodes can compromise rice productivity. In a survey to identify plant parasitic nematodes on rice, cyst nematodes were encountered in rice fields that required characterization and identification. Phylogenetic analysis of the LSU D2-D3 region and ITS region could not separate the studied species from Heterodera elachista. However, phylogenetic analysis of the COI gene of the mitochondrial DNA clearly separated H. elachista from the new species into two different clusters. Combining morphology and molecular diagnostics, the species was identified as Heterodera oryzae belonging to the 'Cyperi' group whose cysts are characterized by vulval cones that are ambifenestrate, underbridge present with bullae. Second-stage juveniles have three incisors in the lateral field with long tails and long hyaline region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Mwesige
- National Agricultural Research Organization, Kachwekano ZARDI, P.O. Box 421, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Eun-Hwa Kim
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Korea
| | - Eun-Hyung Park
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Rai Ko
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Korea
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Abdel-Baki AAS, Abdel-Haleem HM, Al-Quraishy S, Azevedo C, Mansour L. Ultrastructural and molecular characteristics of Kudoa crenimugilis n. sp. infecting intestinal smooth muscle of fringelip mullet Crenimugil crenilabis in the Red Sea. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 129:53-62. [PMID: 29916392 DOI: 10.3354/dao03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study describes infection of intestinal smooth muscle in fringelip mullets Crenimugil crenilabis with Kudoa crenimugilis n. sp. Of 30 individuals sampled from the Red Sea off Saudi Arabia, 6 (20%) were infected. Ovoid plasmodia (279-412 × 157-295 µm) in the smooth muscle of the intestine were packed with only mature myxospores with 4 valves. Specifically, light and transmission electron microscopy revealed quadrate myxospores with 4 equal, rounded, spore valves uniting at thin delicate suture lines. The mature myxospores were 8 (7-9) µm long, 5.2 (5-6) µm thick and 7.8 (7-8) µm wide. The 4 polar capsules were equal-sized, elliptical to ovoid, and measured 5 (4-5) µm long and 2 (1.5-3) µm wide, possessing 2 filament coils. The sporoplasm was uninucleated and composed of a primary cell enveloping a secondary cell. The parasite had a significant histopathological impact since the developing plasmodia replaced normal muscle tissue and was associated with the myolysis of local muscle fibres and the inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. The partial sequences of the 18S and 28S rDNA showed that K. crenimugilis n. sp. has the highest level of nucleotide similarity with K. ciliatae (98.46 and 94.11%, respectively) and K. cookii (97.51 and 92.11%, respectively), both of which have previously been reported from the intestines of their host fish. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that K. crenimugilis consistently clustered with these other 2 intestinal Kudoa species in a well-supported subclade, confirming the evaluative association between Kudoa species infecting the same organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Azeem S Abdel-Baki
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Navarro-Ródenas A, Carra A, Morte A. Identification of an Alternative rRNA Post-transcriptional Maturation of 26S rRNA in the Kingdom Fungi. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:994. [PMID: 29887836 PMCID: PMC5981135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite of the integrity of their RNA, some desert truffles present a non-canonical profile of rRNA where 3.3 kb is absent, 1.8 kb is clear and a band of 1.6 kb is observed. A similar rRNA profile was identified in organisms belonging to different life kingdoms, with the exception of the Kingdom Fungi, as a result of a split LSU rRNA called hidden gap. rRNA profiles of desert truffles were analyzed to verify the presence of the non-canonical profile. The RNA of desert truffles and yeast were blotted and hybridized with probes complementary to LSU extremes. RACE of LSU rRNA was carried out to determine the LSU rRNA breakage point. LSU rRNA of desert truffles presents a post-transcriptional cleavage of five nucleotides that generates a hidden gap located in domain D7. LSU splits into two molecules of 1.6 and 1.8 kb. Similar to other organisms, a UAAU tract, downstream of the breakage point, was identified. Phylogenetic comparison suggests that during fungi evolution mutations were introduced in the hypervariable D7 domain, resulting in a sequence that is specifically post-transcriptionally cleaved in some desert truffles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Navarro-Ródenas
- Departamento Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrea Carra
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Turin, Italy
| | - Asunción Morte
- Departamento Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Percopo I, Ruggiero MV, Balzano S, Gourvil P, Lundholm N, Siano R, Tammilehto A, Vaulot D, Sarno D. Pseudo-nitzschia arctica sp. nov., a new cold-water cryptic Pseudo-nitzschia species within the P. pseudodelicatissima complex. J Phycol 2016; 52:184-199. [PMID: 27037584 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new nontoxic Pseudo-nitzschia species belonging to the P. pseudodelicatissima complex, P. arctica, was isolated from different areas of the Arctic. The erection of P. arctica is mainly supported by molecular data, since the species shares identical ultrastructure with another species in the complex, P. fryxelliana, and represents a new case of crypticity within the genus. Despite their morphological similarity, the two species are not closely related in phylogenies based on LSU, ITS and rbcL. Interestingly, P. arctica is phylogenetically most closely related to P. granii and P. subcurvata, from which the species is, however, morphologically different. P. granii and P. subcurvata lack the central larger interspace which is one of the defining features of the P. pseudodelicatissima complex. The close genetic relationship between P. arctica and the two species P. granii and P. subcurvata is demonstrated by analysis of the secondary structure of ITS2 which revealed no compensatory base changes, two hemi-compensatory base changes, and two deletions in P. arctica with respect to the other two species. These findings emphasize that rates of morphological differentiation, molecular evolution and speciation are often incongruent for Pseudo-nitzschia species, resulting in a restricted phylogenetic value for taxonomic characters used to discriminate species. The description of a new cryptic species, widely distributed in the Arctic and potentially representing an endemic component of the Arctic diatom flora, reinforces the idea of the existence of noncosmopolitan Pseudo-nitzschia species and highlights the need for combined morphological and molecular analyses to assess the distributional patterns of phytoplankton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Percopo
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Ruggiero
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Sergio Balzano
- Station Biologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Priscillia Gourvil
- Station Biologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Nina Lundholm
- The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, Copenhagen K, 1307, Denmark
| | - Raffaele Siano
- DYNECO/Pelagos, IFREMER, Centre de Brest, BP 70, Plouzané, 29280, France
| | - Anna Tammilehto
- The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, Copenhagen K, 1307, Denmark
| | - Daniel Vaulot
- Station Biologique, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Diana Sarno
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
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Enemark HL, Hansen MS, Jensen TK, Larsen G, Al-Sabi MNS. An outbreak of bovine meningoencephalomyelitis with identification of Halicephalobus gingivalis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 218:82-6. [PMID: 26872932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Halicephalobus gingivalis is an opportunistic parasite which is known to cause fatal meningoencephalomyelitis primarily in equines but sporadically also in humans. In April 2014, laboratory examination of the head of a young dairy calf, euthanized due to severe central nervous system symptoms, revealed the presence of granulomatous to necrotizing encephalitis and myriads of nematodes in the brain lesion. Morphologically the parasites were identified as H. gingivalis. The diagnosis was confirmed by molecular analysis of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA and the small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes, revealing genetic variations of 0.5-4.4% and 0.7-8.6%, respectively, between the H. gingivalis isolated from the Danish calf and published isolates, collected worldwide from free-living and parasitic stages of the nematode. Clinical symptoms and histological changes indicated infection with H. gingivalis from another three calves in the herd. This is the first scientific publication of H. gingivalis induced meningoencephalomyelitis in ruminants. As ante mortem diagnosis is a major challenge, the infection may easily remain undiagnosed in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Larsen Enemark
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mette Sif Hansen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tim Kåre Jensen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gitte Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Steciow MM, Lara E, Paul C, Pillonel A, Belbahri L. Multiple barcode assessment within the Saprolegnia-Achlya clade (Saprolegniales, Oomycota, Straminipila) brings order in a neglected group of pathogens. IMA Fungus 2014; 5:439-48. [PMID: 25734033 PMCID: PMC4329325 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saprolegnia-Achlya clade comprises species of major environmental and economic importance due to their negative impact on aquaculture and aquatic ecosystems by threatening fishes, amphibians, and crustaceans. However, their taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved and suffer from many inconsistencies, which is a major obstacle to the widespread application of molecular barcoding to identify pathogenic strains with quarantine implications. We assessed phylogenetic relationships of major genera using three commonly used markers (ITS, SSU rRNA, and LSU rRNA). A consensus tree of the three genes provided support for nine clades encompassing eleven documented genera and a new clade (SAP1) that has not been described morphologically. In the course of this study, we isolated a new species, Newbya dichotoma sp. nov., which provided the only culture available for this genus. In parallel, we attempted to summarize the evolution of traits in the different genera, but their successive reversals rendered the inference of ancestral states impossible. This highlights even more the importance of a bar-coding strategy for saprolegniacean parasite detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica M Steciow
- Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini, Facultad de Cs. Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 53 N° 477, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Both these authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Enrique Lara
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, Department of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile Argand, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; ; Both these authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Christophe Paul
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, Department of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile Argand, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Pillonel
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, Department of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile Argand, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, Department of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile Argand, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Wu B, Hao W. Horizontal transfer and gene conversion as an important driving force in shaping the landscape of mitochondrial introns. G3 (Bethesda) 2014; 4:605-12. [PMID: 24515269 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.009910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Group I introns are highly dynamic and mobile, featuring extensive presence-absence variation and widespread horizontal transfer. Group I introns can invade intron-lacking alleles via intron homing powered by their own encoded homing endonuclease gene (HEG) after horizontal transfer or via reverse splicing through an RNA intermediate. After successful invasion, the intron and HEG are subject to degeneration and sequential loss. It remains unclear whether these mechanisms can fully address the high dynamics and mobility of group I introns. Here, we found that HEGs undergo a fast gain-and-loss turnover comparable with introns in the yeast mitochondrial 21S-rRNA gene, which is unexpected, as the intron and HEG are generally believed to move together as a unit. We further observed extensively mosaic sequences in both the introns and HEGs, and evidence of gene conversion between HEG-containing and HEG-lacking introns. Our findings suggest horizontal transfer and gene conversion can accelerate HEG/intron degeneration and loss, or rescue and propagate HEG/introns, and ultimately result in high HEG/intron turnover rate. Given that up to 25% of the yeast mitochondrial genome is composed of introns and most mitochondrial introns are group I introns, horizontal transfer and gene conversion could have served as an important mechanism in introducing mitochondrial intron diversity, promoting intron mobility and consequently shaping mitochondrial genome architecture.
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McCauley LAR, Erdner DL, Nagai S, Richlen ML, Anderson DM. BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM SPECIES ALEXANDRIUM MINUTUM (DINOPHYCEAE) BASED ON rRNA GENE SEQUENCES AND MICROSATELLITE MARKERS(1). J Phycol 2009; 45:454-63. [PMID: 27033824 PMCID: PMC5488690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum Halim is one of three species that comprise the "minutum" species complex. This complex is notable due to its role in the etiology of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Recent increases in PSP incidence and the geographic expansion of toxin-producing Alexandrium dinoflagellates have prompted the intensive examination of genetic relationships among globally distributed strains to address questions regarding their present distribution and reasons for their apparent increase. The biogeography of A. minutum was studied using large subunit ribosomal DNA gene (LSU rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and genotypic data from 12 microsatellite loci. rRNA gene and ITS sequencing data distinguished between two clades, herein termed the "Global" and the "Pacific"; however, little to no resolution was seen within each clade. Genotypic data from 12 microsatellite loci provided additional information regarding genetic relationships within the Global clade, but it was not possible to amplify DNA from the Pacific clade using these markers. With the exception of isolates from Italy and Spain, strains generally clustered according to origin, revealing geographic structuring within the Global clade. Additionally, no evidence supported the separation of A. lusitanicum and A. minutum as different species. With the use of microsatellites, it is now possible to initiate studies on the origin, history, and genetic heterogeneity of A. minutum that were not previously possible using only rRNA gene sequence data. This study demonstrates the power of combining a marker with intermediate resolution (rRNA sequences) with finer-scale markers (microsatellites) to examine intraspecies variability among globally distributed isolates and represents the first effort to employ this technique in A. minutum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deana L. Erdner
- University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Mindy L. Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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Fraga S, Penna A, Bianconi I, Paz B, Zapata M. COOLIA CANARIENSIS SP. NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE), A NEW NONTOXIC EPIPHYTIC BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATE FROM THE CANARY ISLANDS(1). J Phycol 2008; 44:1060-1070. [PMID: 27041624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new photosynthetic dinoflagellate species, Coolia canariensis S. Fraga sp. nov., is described based on samples taken from tidal ponds on the rocky shore of the Canary Islands, northeast Atlantic Ocean. Its morphology was studied by LM and SEM. It is almost spherical and has a thick smooth theca with many scattered pores. Plate 1' is the biggest of the epithecal plates, and 7″ is twice as wide as it is long. Phylogeny inferred from the D1/D2 regions of the LSU nuclear rDNA of three strains of C. canariensis and several strains of other Coolia species, C. monotis, C. sp., showed that C. canariensis strains clustered in a well-supported clade distinct from the other species. No toxins were detected using mouse bioassay, liquid chromatography with Fluorescence detection (LC-FLD) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Its pigment composition is of the peridinin type of dinoflagellates. Together with this new species, many other strains of C. monotis from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea have been analyzed for toxin presence, and no evidence of toxin production related to yessotoxins (YTXs) was found, as was previously suggested for C. monotis from Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Apdo. 1552, 36200 Vigo, SpainCentro Biologia Ambientale, University of Urbino, Vle. Trieste 296, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyCentro Biotecnologie, University of Urbino, Fano Ateneo, Via T. Campanella 1, 61032 Fano, ItalyInstituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainCentro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Xunta de Galicia, Apdo. 13, 36260 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonella Penna
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Apdo. 1552, 36200 Vigo, SpainCentro Biologia Ambientale, University of Urbino, Vle. Trieste 296, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyCentro Biotecnologie, University of Urbino, Fano Ateneo, Via T. Campanella 1, 61032 Fano, ItalyInstituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainCentro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Xunta de Galicia, Apdo. 13, 36260 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Irene Bianconi
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Apdo. 1552, 36200 Vigo, SpainCentro Biologia Ambientale, University of Urbino, Vle. Trieste 296, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyCentro Biotecnologie, University of Urbino, Fano Ateneo, Via T. Campanella 1, 61032 Fano, ItalyInstituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainCentro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Xunta de Galicia, Apdo. 13, 36260 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Beatriz Paz
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Apdo. 1552, 36200 Vigo, SpainCentro Biologia Ambientale, University of Urbino, Vle. Trieste 296, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyCentro Biotecnologie, University of Urbino, Fano Ateneo, Via T. Campanella 1, 61032 Fano, ItalyInstituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainCentro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Xunta de Galicia, Apdo. 13, 36260 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Manuel Zapata
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Apdo. 1552, 36200 Vigo, SpainCentro Biologia Ambientale, University of Urbino, Vle. Trieste 296, 61100 Pesaro, ItalyCentro Biotecnologie, University of Urbino, Fano Ateneo, Via T. Campanella 1, 61032 Fano, ItalyInstituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, SpainCentro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Xunta de Galicia, Apdo. 13, 36260 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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