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Sangeeta, Kumar RV, Yadav BK, Bhatt BS, Krishna R, Krishnan N, Karkute SG, Kumar S, Singh B, Singh AK. Diverse begomovirus-betasatellite complexes cause tomato leaf curl disease in the western India. Virus Res 2023; 328:199079. [PMID: 36813240 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In the Indian sub-continent, tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) of tomato caused by begomoviruses has emerged as a major limiting factor for tomato cultivation. Despite the spread of this disease in the western India, a systematic study on the characterization of virus complexes with ToLCD is lacking. Here, we report the identification of a complex of begomoviruses including 19 DNA-A and 4 DNA-B as well as 15 betasatellites with ToLCD in the western part of the country. Additionally, a novel betasatellite and an alphasatellite were also identified. The recombination breakpoints were detected in the cloned begomoviruses and betasatellites. The cloned infectious DNA constructs cause disease on the tomato (a moderately virus-resistant cultivar) plants, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates for these virus complexes. Further, the role of non-cognate DNA B/betasatellite with ToLCD-associated begomoviruses on disease development was demonstrated. It also emphasizes the evolutionary potential of these virus complexes in breaking disease resistance and plausible expansion of its host range. This necessitates to investigate the mechanism of the interaction between resistance breaking virus complexes and the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 030, India; Present address-Department of Science & Technology, Gujarat Council of Science & Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 011, India
| | - R Vinoth Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science & Humanities, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 089, India
| | - Brijesh K Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 030, India; Faculty of Education and Methodology, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303 122, India
| | - Bhavin S Bhatt
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 030, India; Faculty of Science, Sarvajanik University, Surat, Gujarat 395 001, India
| | - Ram Krishna
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 305, India
| | - Nagendran Krishnan
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 305, India
| | - Suhas G Karkute
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 305, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 305, India
| | - Bijendra Singh
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 305, India
| | - Achuit K Singh
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 305, India.
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Chowdhury S, Mukherjee A, Basak S, Das R, Mandal A, Kundu P. Disruption of tomato TGS machinery by ToLCNDV causes reprogramming of vascular tissue-specific TORNADO1 gene expression. Planta 2022; 256:78. [PMID: 36094622 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular development-related TRN1 transcription is suppressed by cytosine methylation in fully developed leaves of tomato. ToLCNDV infection disrupts methylation machinery and reactivates TRN1 expression - likely causing abnormal leaf growth pattern. Leaf curl disease of tomato caused by tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) inflicts huge economical loss. Disease symptoms resemble leaf developmental defects including abnormal vein architecture. Leaf vein patterning-related TORNADO1 gene's (SlTRN1) transcript level is augmented in virus-infected leaves. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of the upregulation of SlTRN1 in vivo, we have deployed SlTRN1 promoter-reporter transgenic tomato plants and investigated the gene's dynamic expression pattern in leaf growth stages and infection. Expression of the gene was delimited in the vascular tissues and suppressed in fully developed leaves. WRKY16 transcription factor readily activated SlTRN1 promoter in varied sized leaves and upon virus infection, while silencing of WRKY16 gene resulted in dampened promoter activity. Methylation-sensitive PCR analyses confirmed the accumulation of CHH methylation at multiple locations in the SlTRN1 promoter in older leaves. However, ToLCNDV infection reverses the methylation status and restores expression level in the leaf vascular bundle. The virus dampens the level of key maintenance and de novo DNA methyltransferases SlDRM5, SlMET1, SlCMT2 with concomitant augmentation of two DNA demethylases, SlDML1 and SlDML2 levels in SlTRN1 promoter-reporter transgenics. Transient overexpression of SlDML2 mimics the virus-induced hypomethylation state of the SlTRN1 promoter in mature leaves, while silencing of SlDML2 lessens promoter activity. Furthermore, in line with the previous studies, we confirm the crucial role of viral suppressors of RNA silencing AC2 and AC4 proteins in promoting DNA demethylation and directing it to restore activated transcription of SlTRN1. Unusually elevated expression of SlTRN1 may negatively impact normal growth of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Chowdhury
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Shrabani Basak
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Rohit Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Arunava Mandal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
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Sangeeta, Ranjan P, Kumar RV, Bhatt BS, Chahwala FD, Yadav BK, Patel S, Singh B, Singh AK. Two distinct monopartite begomovirus-betasatellite complexes in western India cause tomato leaf curl disease. Virus Res 2021; 295:198319. [PMID: 33508355 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In India, begomovirus infection causing tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) is a major constraint for tomato productivity. Here, we have identified two distinct monopartite begomovirus and betasatellite complexes causing ToLCD in the western part of India. A new monopartite begomovirus (Tomato leaf curl Mumbai virus, ToLCMumV) and betasatellite (Tomato leaf curl Mumbai betasatellite, ToLCMumB) were isolated from the Mumbai sample. A distinct Tomato leaf curl Gandhinagar virus (ToLCGanV) and Tomato leaf curl Gandhinagar betasatellite (ToLCGanB) were identified from the Gandhinagar sample. Both of the cloned begomoviruses were recombinants. The demonstration of systemic infection caused by begomovirus (ToLCGanV or ToLCMumV) alone in N. benthamiana and tomato (a virus resistant variety) emphasizes that they were monopartite begomoviruses. Co-inoculation of cognate begomovirus and betasatellite reduces the incubation period and increases symptom severity. Thus, Koch's postulates were satisfied for these virus complexes. Further, an enhanced accumulation of ToLCGanV was detected in the presence of cognate ToLCGanB, however ToLCMumB did not influence the level of ToLCMumV in the agro-inoculated tomato plants. Our results indicate that the cloned viruses form potential virus resistance breaking disease complexes in India. This necessitates to investigate the spread of these disease complexes to major tomato growing regions in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382 030, Gujarat, India
| | - Punam Ranjan
- Department of Botany, Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna, 800 005, Bihar, India
| | - R Vinoth Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - Bhavin S Bhatt
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382 030, Gujarat, India
| | - Fenisha D Chahwala
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382 030, Gujarat, India
| | - Brijesh K Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382 030, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunita Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382 030, Gujarat, India
| | - Bijendra Singh
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221 305, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Achuit K Singh
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221 305, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Khan MAU, Shahid AA, Rao AQ, Bajwa KS, Samiullah TR, Muzaffar A, Nasir IA, Husnain T. Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Cotton Epicuticular Wax in Defense Against Cotton Leaf Curl Disease. Iran J Biotechnol 2015; 13:3-9. [PMID: 28959303 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gossypium arboreumis resistant to Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus and its cognate Cotton leaf curl Multan beta satellite (CLCuBuV and CLCuMB). However, the G. arboreum wax deficient mutant (GaWM3) is susceptible to CLCuV. Therefore, epicuticular wax was characterized both quantitatively and qualitatively for its role as physical barrier against whitefly mediated viral transmission and co-related with the titer of each viral component (DNA-A, alphasatellite and betasatellite) in plants. OBJECTIVES The hypothesis was the CLCuV titer in cotton is dependent on the amount of wax laid down on plant surface and the wax composition. RESULTS Analysis of the presence of viral genes, namely alphasatellite, betasatellite and DNA-A, via real-time PCR in cotton species indicated that these genes are detectable in G. hirsutum, G. harknessii and GaWM3, whereas no particle was detected in G. arboreum. Quantitative wax analysis revealed that G. arboreum contained 183 μg.cm-2 as compared to GaWM3 with only 95 μg.cm-2. G. hirsutum and G. harknessii had 130 μg.cm-2 and 146 μg.cm-2, respectively. The GCMS results depicted that Lanceol, cis was 45% in G. harknessii. Heptadecanoic acid was dominant in G. arboreum with 25.6%. GaWM3 had 18% 1,2,-Benenedicarboxylic acid. G. hirsutum contained 25% diisooctyl ester. The whitefly feeding assay with Nile Blue dye showed no color in whiteflies gut fed on G. arboreum. In contrast, color was observed in the rest of whiteflies. CONCLUSIONS From results, it was concluded that reduced quantity as well as absence of (1) 3-trifluoroacetoxytetradecane, (2) 2-piperidinone,n-|4-bromo-n-butyl|, (3) 4-heptafluorobutyroxypentadecane, (4) Silane, trichlorodocosyl-, (5) 6- Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and (6) Heptadecanoicacid,16-methyl-,methyl ester in wax could make plants susceptible to CLCuV, infested by whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87- west canal bank road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87- west canal bank road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87- west canal bank road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Shehzad Bajwa
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87- west canal bank road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Rehman Samiullah
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87- west canal bank road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Muzaffar
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87- west canal bank road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87- west canal bank road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87- west canal bank road, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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