1
|
Kokozidou M, Gögele C, Pirrung F, Hammer N, Werner C, Kohl B, Hahn J, Breier A, Schröpfer M, Meyer M, Schulze-Tanzil G. In vivo ligamentogenesis in embroidered poly(lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) / polylactic acid scaffolds functionalized by fluorination and hexamethylene diisocyanate cross-linked collagen foams. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:275-292. [PMID: 36309635 PMCID: PMC10006054 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although autografts represent the gold standard for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, tissue-engineered ACLs provide a prospect to minimize donor site morbidity and limited graft availability. This study characterizes the ligamentogenesis in embroidered poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LA-CL)) / polylactic acid (PLA) constructs using a dynamic nude mice xenograft model. (P(LA-CL))/PLA scaffolds remained either untreated (co) or were functionalized by gas fluorination (F), collagen foam cross-linked with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) (coll), or F combined with the foam (F + coll). Cell-free constructs or those seeded for 1 week with lapine ACL ligamentocytes were implanted into nude mice for 12 weeks. Following explantation, cell vitality and content, histo(patho)logy of scaffolds (including organs: liver, kidney, spleen), sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) contents and biomechanical properties were assessed.Scaffolds did not affect mice weight development and organs, indicating no organ toxicity. Moreover, scaffolds maintained their size and shape and reflected a high cell viability prior to and following implantation. Coll or F + coll scaffolds seeded with cells yielded superior macroscopic properties compared to the controls. Mild signs of inflammation (foreign-body giant cells and hyperemia) were limited to scaffolds without collagen. Microscopical score values and sGAG content did not differ significantly. Although remaining stable after explantation, elastic modulus, maximum force, tensile strength and strain at Fmax were significantly lower in explanted scaffolds compared to those before implantation, with no significant differences between scaffold subtypes, except for a higher maximum force in F + coll compared with F samples (in vivo). Scaffold functionalization with fluorinated collagen foam provides a promising approach for ACL tissue engineering. a Lapine anterior cruciate ligament (LACL): red arrow, posterior cruciate ligament: yellow arrow. Medial anterior meniscotibial ligament: black arrow. b Explant culture to isolate LACL fibroblasts. c Scaffold variants: co: controls; F: functionalization by gas-phase fluorination; coll: collagen foam cross-linked with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI). c1-2 Embroidery pattern of the scaffolds. d Scaffolds were seeded with LACL fibroblasts using a dynamical culturing approach as depicted. e Scaffolds were implanted subnuchally into nude mice, fixed at the nuchal ligament and sacrospinal muscle tendons. f Two weeks after implantation. g Summary of analyses performed. Scale bars 1 cm (b, d), 0.5 cm (c). (sketches drawn by G.S.-T. using Krita 4.1.7 [Krita foundation, The Netherlands]).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kokozidou
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Gögele
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany.,Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Felix Pirrung
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Niels Hammer
- Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU, Nöthnitzer Straße 44, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kohl
- Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Hahn
- Workgroup Bio-Engineering, Department Materials Engineering, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF), Institute Polymers Materials, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette Breier
- Workgroup Bio-Engineering, Department Materials Engineering, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. (IPF), Institute Polymers Materials, Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michaela Schröpfer
- FILK Freiberg Institute gGmbH (FILK), Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer
- FILK Freiberg Institute gGmbH (FILK), Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|