Succession law and model of reconstructed soil quality in an open-pit coal mine dump of the loess area, China

Studying the change laws of reconstructed soil quality and constructing succession models are the main components and tools of reconstructed soil quality evaluation for the supervision and management of reconstructed soil. However, the evaluation and management system of reconstructed soil quality suitable for the loess area needs to be improved. This paper aimed to clarify the succession law of reconstructed soil in an open-pit coal dump in the loess area on the temporal scale and to construct a succession model of reconstructed soil quality to evaluate and manage reconstructed soil. The Pingshuo coal mine, a representative open-pit coal mine in the loess area, is the study area. Field investigation and sampling, time-space substitution, and the combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. The reconstructed soil quality succession model was constructed based on the soil quality index method. Results: (1) As the reclamation period increased, the physical and chemical properties of reconstructed soil significantly improved, and reconstructed soil quality generally reached the quality of the original landform after approximately 15 years of reclamation. However, after long-term reclamation, soil physical properties still limited the improvement of reconstructed soil quality to a certain extent. (2) After long-term reclamation, the difference in reconstructed soil quality between layers gradually decreased, and the reconstructed soil condition of the 0-10 cm soil layer was obviously better than that of the other layers. (3) We quantitatively constructed and verified the reconstructed soil quality succession model that is suitable for the loess area, which can be used in conjunction with adaptive management for the evaluation and management of reconstructed soil in the loess area. In conclusion, this study is of great significance to meet the real needs of dynamic evaluation and management of reconstructed soil quality in the loess area and to enrich the soil evaluation and management system at home and abroad.

Effect of rainfall gradient and vegetation restoration on gully initiation under a large-scale extreme rainfall event on the hilly Loess Plateau: A case study from the Wuding River basin, China

As the most serious form of soil erosion, gully erosion can be triggered by individual high-intensity rainfall events. In this study, a total of 369 small catchments in 24 sites were sampled to investigate the relationship between rainfall and gully erosion on hillslopes and to study the impacts of vegetation restoration following heavy rainstorms in the central Loess Plateau, China. A total of 280 newly formed gullies on hillslopes were identified by comparing pre-storm Google Earth images and post-storm unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. The results showed that the dimensions and density of gullies increased significantly with rainfall gradient increasing from the periphery to the storm center. When the rainfall amount exceeded 200 mm, gully volumetric density reached up to 928.39 m3/km2 and the mean gully volume was 15.74 m3, 12.8 times and 2.3 times the mean gully volume for rainfall amounts of 106 and 150 mm, respectively. In the sampled small catchments, where cropland was dominant, the relationships between the gully densities and rainfall amount could be fitted with exponential functions. Vegetation restoration was found to reduce the densities and dimensions of gullies on hillslopes. Compared to those in cropland-dominated catchments, the density of gullies in grassland-dominated catchments was found to be lower by > 60%, while the individual gully volume was found to be 1.6 times higher. In small catchments, no new hillslope gullies were observed when the rainfall amount fell below 106.7 mm. Therefore, the rainfall thresholds for (1) ephemeral-gully initiation on grassland hillslopes, (2) permanent-gully initiation on grassland hillslopes, and (3) permanent-gully initiation on cropland hillslopes are concluded to be not >106.7 mm, not >136.1 mm, and not >110.2 mm, respectively. This suggests that the restoration of cropland to grassland would reduce the rainfall threshold for gully initiation.