1
|
Lai LC, Chao TY, Chiu MC. Searching Behavior in the Tropical Fire Ant Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zool Stud 2022; 61:e26. [PMID: 36381976 PMCID: PMC9638047 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2022.61-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Social insects have evolved different search strategies to find target objects in unknown environments. In the present study, the searching behavior of the tropical fire ant Solenopsis geminata was investigated in a circular arena. The average time, search path, speed, and search patterns of worker ants in a circular arena were determined. The results showed that fire ant workers followed six major search patterns. The variation in the searching patterns of workers may explain the different levels of exploration. Most workers (56.8%) tended to search in small loops and progressively increase the search area size. These workers mostly turned in one direction, either clockwise or counterclockwise. More workers turned in a consistent pattern than in an inconsistent pattern. Moving speed was also higher in workers that maintained their turning directions than in those that changed directions. We thus propose that following search patterns consisting of loops of increasing size may be an effective strategy. The tropical fire ant S. geminata is a globally invasive species that was introduced to Taiwan 40 years ago and has continued to threaten residents. Based on behavioral studies of S. geminata, we may gain a better understanding of their exploratory behavior in the ecosystem in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chuan Lai
- Department of Ecological Humanities, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu Dist., Taichung City 43301, Taiwan. E-mail: (Lai); (Chaos)
| | - Tzu-Yen Chao
- Department of Ecological Humanities, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu Dist., Taichung City 43301, Taiwan. E-mail: (Lai); (Chaos)
| | - Ming-Chung Chiu
- Department of Biology National Changhua University of Education, Jin-De Campus, No. 1, Jin-De Road, Changhua City 55007, Taiwan. E-mail: (Chiu)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Masoud AI, Tsay TP. Multiloop edgewise archwire treatment for a patient with a severe anterior open bite and amelogenesis imperfecta. Angle Orthod 2022; 92:137-147. [PMID: 34533566 DOI: 10.2319/032221-228.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a rare hereditary disorder that affects dental enamel and is often associated with an anterior open bite. Orthodontic treatment of a 16-year-old female patient with hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta and a 9-mm anterior open bite was presented. Radiographic examination revealed a steep mandibular plane angle, an increased lower face height, a Class II skeletal pattern, and a convex profile. Additionally, the patient had stainless steel crowns on all upper and lower posterior teeth and composite veneers on the upper anterior teeth. The patient was treated nonsurgically using a multiloop edgewise archwire (MEAW). MEAW mechanics allowed for successful correction of the anterior open bite, with significant reduction in the mandibular plane angle and improvement in the patient's profile. No fixed retainers were used, and the results remained stable 78 months after removal of orthodontic appliances. MEAW mechanics should be considered for patients with large anterior open bites, although this technique requires excellent patient compliance.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review Knowledge of ventilator waveforms is important for clinicians working with children requiring mechanical ventilation. This review covers the basics of how to interpret and use data from ventilator waveforms in the pediatric intensive care unit. Recent Findings Patient-ventilator asynchrony (PVA) is a common finding in pediatric patients and observed in approximately one-third of ventilator breaths. PVA is associated with worse outcomes including increased length of mechanical ventilation, increased length of stay, and increased mortality. Identification of PVA is possible with a thorough knowledge of ventilator waveforms. Summary Ventilator waveforms are graphical descriptions of how a breath is delivered to a patient. These include three scalars (flow versus time, volume versus time, and pressure versus time) and two loops (pressure-volume and flow-volume). Thorough understanding of both scalars and loops, and their characteristic appearances, is essential to being able to evaluate a patient’s respiratory mechanics and interaction with the ventilator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Emrath
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 125 Doughty Street, MSC 917, Charleston, SC 29425 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abboud NM, Hajj HE, Abboud MH. A novel approach in breast reconstruction: The extended lateral thoracic flip-over flap combined with loops and lipofilling (ELT FOLL). J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:974-980. [PMID: 33214121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of the thoracodorsal musculocutaneous flap has been limited to donor site complications, whereas the thoracodorsal fasciocutaneous flap spares the muscle and limits morbidities. Our objective is to describe a new technique of breast reconstruction using an extended lateral thoracic (ELT) flip-over flap combined with loops and lipofilling (ELT FOLL) to achieve better breast remodeling. METHODS Between 2013 and 2018, 64 patients underwent breast reconstruction using an ELT FOLL. The flap is designed in an elliptical transverse pattern and extends 2 cm lateral to the back midline up to the breast axis at the level of the inframammary fold. The surgical technique consists of an infiltration and tunnelization of the breast recipient site and surrounding area, deepithelialization of the skin paddle, and additional preparation of the flaps and loops. Liposuction is performed using the power-assisted liposuction and lipofilling technique, and lipofilling is achieved throughout the thoracic cutaneous surface of the reconstructed site, particularly into the lower quadrant of the breast. RESULTS Among the reconstructions, 73.4% was delayed and 92.2% was unilateral. A fourth of the patients were smokers, and 39.1% received radiotherapy. The total complication rate was 8.7%, the patient's shoulder function was not affected at long term, with the DASH score rising from 6.53 preoperatively to 11.32 at 6 weeks and 7.52 at 6 months. The average operative time was 57 min, and drains were removed at day one after surgery. CONCLUSION The ELT FOLL should be considered a simple, safe, and reliable alternative for breast reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Abboud
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tivoli, Brussels, Belgium and at Free University of Brussels (ULB), 23 Avenue Penelope, Brussels 1190, Belgium.
| | - H El Hajj
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tivoli, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M H Abboud
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tivoli, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Choudhary MN, Friedman RZ, Wang JT, Jang HS, Zhuo X, Wang T. Co-opted transposons help perpetuate conserved higher-order chromosomal structures. Genome Biol 2020; 21:16. [PMID: 31973766 PMCID: PMC6979391 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transposable elements (TEs) make up half of mammalian genomes and shape genome regulation by harboring binding sites for regulatory factors. These include binding sites for architectural proteins, such as CTCF, RAD21, and SMC3, that are involved in tethering chromatin loops and marking domain boundaries. The 3D organization of the mammalian genome is intimately linked to its function and is remarkably conserved. However, the mechanisms by which these structural intricacies emerge and evolve have not been thoroughly probed. RESULTS Here, we show that TEs contribute extensively to both the formation of species-specific loops in humans and mice through deposition of novel anchoring motifs, as well as to the maintenance of conserved loops across both species through CTCF binding site turnover. The latter function demonstrates the ability of TEs to contribute to genome plasticity and reinforce conserved genome architecture as redundant loop anchors. Deleting such candidate TEs in human cells leads to the collapse of conserved loop and domain structures. These TEs are also marked by reduced DNA methylation and bear mutational signatures of hypomethylation through evolutionary time. CONCLUSIONS TEs have long been considered a source of genetic innovation. By examining their contribution to genome topology, we show that TEs can contribute to regulatory plasticity by inducing redundancy and potentiating genetic drift locally while conserving genome architecture globally, revealing a paradigm for defining regulatory conservation in the noncoding genome beyond classic sequence-level conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Nk Choudhary
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ryan Z Friedman
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Julia T Wang
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hyo Sik Jang
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhuo
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Genetics, Washington University, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Campus Box 8510, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raviram R, Rocha PP, Luo VM, Swanzey E, Miraldi ER, Chuong EB, Feschotte C, Bonneau R, Skok JA. Analysis of 3D genomic interactions identifies candidate host genes that transposable elements potentially regulate. Genome Biol 2018; 19:216. [PMID: 30541598 PMCID: PMC6292174 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The organization of chromatin in the nucleus plays an essential role in gene regulation. About half of the mammalian genome comprises transposable elements. Given their repetitive nature, reads associated with these elements are generally discarded or randomly distributed among elements of the same type in genome-wide analyses. Thus, it is challenging to identify the activities and properties of individual transposons. As a result, we only have a partial understanding of how transposons contribute to chromatin folding and how they impact gene regulation. RESULTS Using PCR and Capture-based chromosome conformation capture (3C) approaches, collectively called 4Tran, we take advantage of the repetitive nature of transposons to capture interactions from multiple copies of endogenous retrovirus (ERVs) in the human and mouse genomes. With 4Tran-PCR, reads are selectively mapped to unique regions in the genome. This enables the identification of transposable element interaction profiles for individual ERV families and integration events specific to particular genomes. With this approach, we demonstrate that transposons engage in long-range intra-chromosomal interactions guided by the separation of chromosomes into A and B compartments as well as topologically associated domains (TADs). In contrast to 4Tran-PCR, Capture-4Tran can uniquely identify both ends of an interaction that involve retroviral repeat sequences, providing a powerful tool for uncovering the individual transposable element insertions that interact with and potentially regulate target genes. CONCLUSIONS 4Tran provides new insight into the manner in which transposons contribute to chromosome architecture and identifies target genes that transposable elements can potentially control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Raviram
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Pedro P. Rocha
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Vincent M. Luo
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Emily Swanzey
- Department of Developmental Genetics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Emily R. Miraldi
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
- Department of Computer Science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York, NY 10003 USA
- Simons Center for Data Analysis, New York, NY 10010 USA
- Divisions of Immunobiology and Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Edward B. Chuong
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
- Department of Computer Science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York, NY 10003 USA
- Simons Center for Data Analysis, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Jane A. Skok
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Waldner F, Merkle T. A simple mathematical model using centred loops and random perturbations accurately reconstructs search patterns observed in desert ants. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2018; 204:985-998. [PMID: 30298343 PMCID: PMC6244989 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-018-1297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new mathematical model that is based on centred loops to reconstruct the "Systematic Search" behaviour of Cataglyphis desert ants. The notable advantage of this model is the combination of simplicity, efficiency and performance. All model input is kept to a minimum, using only parameters that previous research has shown to be available to the animals at all times: distance from the origin, direction of the last step and home vector. Outbound and inbound search paths are being combined into loops that return to the origin, sampling this area more intensely. A stochastic element is added by random perturbations during the next step, mimicking unsystematic errors during the process of path integration and yielding the typical search patterns observed in Cataglyphis desert ants. The model output is compared to runs observed in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Waldner
- Physics-Institute, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Merkle
- Theoretical Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Centre for Visual Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Once thought to be exclusively an absorptive tissue, the intestine is now recognized as an important secretory tissue, playing a key role in body ion and fluid homeostasis. Given the intestine's role in fluid homeostasis, it is not surprising that important clinical pathologies arise from imbalances in fluid absorption and secretion. Perhaps the most important examples of this can be seen in enterotoxigenic secretory diarrheas with extreme fluid secretion, and Cystic Fibrosis with little or no fluid secretion. A mechanistic understanding of the cellular pathways regulating ion and fluid transport has been obtained from a variety of approaches and model systems. These have ranged from the intact intestine to a single intestinal epithelial cell type. Although for many years a reductionist approach has held sway for investigating intestinal transport, the growing realization that physiologic processes should really be examined within a physiological context has seen a marked increase in studies using models that are essentially mini-intestines in a dish. The aim of this chapter is to provide a historical context for our understanding of intestinal ion and fluid transport, and to highlight the model systems that have been used to acquire this knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Dey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Neil A Bradbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chakravathy P G, Shirali A, Chowta KN, Ramapuram JT, Madi D, Raj Singh Chouhan R. A "Handy" tool for hypertension prediction: Dermatoglyphics. Indian Heart J 2018; 70 Suppl 3:S116-S119. [PMID: 30595242 PMCID: PMC6309295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fingerprints studied by dermatoglyphics are unique for a given individual. It depends on the genetic makeup of an individual. Hypertension, a harbinger of many complications, is determined by genetic and environmental factors. In this observational study, we tried to find an association of palmar dermatoglyphic parameters and hypertension. Method Two hundred fifty known hypertensives as cases and 250 normotensives as controls were enrolled after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Dermatoglyphic patterns on tips of fingers obtained by digital imaging were noted in both the groups, and “atd” angle was calculated using “screen protractor” software. Collected data were statistically analyzed to find any association between dermatoglyphic qualitative and dermatoglyphic quantitative patterns and hypertension. Result Mean “atd” angle was higher in cases than in controls. Comparison of dermatoglyphic patterns in both the groups in various ways—both hands together, the right hand and left hand separately, similar fingers on right and left hand together, and similar fingers separately—was performed which revealed that at every level, whorls were more frequent in cases than in controls and that distribution of dermatoglyphic patterns were statistically significant in cases than in controls. Conclusion Fingerprint patterns can be reliably used to identify individuals likely at risk for hypertension, and accordingly, preventive measures can be targeted. This subject area demands a need for further research and analysis with large sample size to allow dermatoglyphics to evolve into a cost-effective and handy tool for identifying individuals at risk of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Chakravathy P
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
| | - Arun Shirali
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
| | - K Nithyananda Chowta
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
| | - John T Ramapuram
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
| | - Deepak Madi
- Department of General Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lago S, Tosoni E, Nadai M, Palumbo M, Richter SN. The cellular protein nucleolin preferentially binds long-looped G-quadruplex nucleic acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1371-1381. [PMID: 27913192 PMCID: PMC5466061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G-quadruplexes (G4s) are four-stranded nucleic acid structures that form in G-rich sequences. Nucleolin (NCL) is a cellular protein reported for its functions upon G4 recognition, such as induction of neurodegenerative diseases, tumor and virus mechanisms activation. We here aimed at defining NCL/G4 binding determinants. METHODS Electrophoresis mobility shift assay was used to detect NCL/G4 binding; circular dichroism to assess G4 folding, topology and stability; dimethylsulfate footprinting to detect G bases involved in G4 folding. RESULTS The purified full-length human NCL was initially tested on telomeric G4 target sequences to allow for modulation of loop, conformation, length, G-tract number, stability. G4s in promoter regions with more complex sequences were next employed. We found that NCL binding to G4s heavily relies on G4 loop length, independently of the conformation and oligonucleotide/loop sequence. Low stability G4s are preferred. When alternative G4 conformations are possible, those with longer loops are preferred upon binding to NCL, even if G-tracts need to be spared from G4 folding. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide insight into how G4s and the associated proteins may control the ON/OFF molecular switch to several pathological processes, including neurodegeneration, tumor and virus activation. Understanding these regulatory determinants is the first step towards the development of targeted therapies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The indication that NCL binding preferentially stimulates and induces folding of G4s containing long loops suggests NCL ability to modify the overall structure and steric hindrance of the involved nucleic acid regions. This protein-induced modification of the G4 structure may represent a cellular mechanosensor mechanism to molecular signaling and disease pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "G-quadruplex" Guest Editor: Dr. Concetta Giancola and Dr. Daniela Montesarchio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lago
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Tosoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Manlio Palumbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alzahrany M, Banerjee A. Effect of inhaled gas density on the pendelluft-induced lung injury. J Biomech 2016; 49:4039-4047. [PMID: 27839697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Helium, sulfur hexafluoride-oxygen, and air were modeled to examine the role of the gas density on the pendelluft-induced lung injury (PILI) under high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Large eddy simulation coupled with physiological resistance-compliance boundary conditions was applied to capture pendelluft-induced gas entrapment and mechanical stresses in an image-based human lung model. The flow characteristics were strongly dependent on the inspired gas density. The flow partitioning, globally between the left and right lung and locally between adjacent units branches, was significantly affected by the density of inhaled gas and was more balanced when inspiring lighter gas. The incomplete loops of flow-volume and volume-pressure curves were significantly influenced by the variations of the flow redistribution, resistance, and turbulence associated with the pendelluft mechanism. Inhaling light gas reduced the entrapped gas volume and mechanical stress surrounding carina ridges signifying the important role of inhaled gas properties on PILI. In general, lung ventilation by HFOV with a gas mixture of large amounts of Helium is thought to mitigate ventilator complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alzahrany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides are highly promising as inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. While many bond-forming reactions can be used to make cyclic peptides, most have limitations that make this chemical space challenging to access. Recently, a variety of cysteine alkylation reactions have been used in rational design and library approaches for cyclic peptide discovery and development. We and others have found that this chemistry is versatile and robust enough to produce a large variety of conformationally constrained cyclic peptides. In this chapter, we describe applications, methods, mechanistic insights, and troubleshooting for dithiol bis-alkylation reactions for the production of cyclic peptides. This method for efficient solution-phase macrocyclization is highly useful for the rapid production and screening of loop-based inhibitors of protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Peraro
- Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - T R Siegert
- Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - J A Kritzer
- Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bodranghien F, Bastian A, Casali C, Hallett M, Louis ED, Manto M, Mariën P, Nowak DA, Schmahmann JD, Serrao M, Steiner KM, Strupp M, Tilikete C, Timmann D, van Dun K. Consensus Paper: Revisiting the Symptoms and Signs of Cerebellar Syndrome. Cerebellum 2016; 15:369-91. [PMID: 26105056 PMCID: PMC5565264 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in sensorimotor operations, cognitive tasks and affective processes. Here, we revisit the concept of the cerebellar syndrome in the light of recent advances in our understanding of cerebellar operations. The key symptoms and signs of cerebellar dysfunction, often grouped under the generic term of ataxia, are discussed. Vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance are associated with lesions of the vestibulo-cerebellar, vestibulo-spinal, or cerebellar ocular motor systems. The cerebellum plays a major role in the online to long-term control of eye movements (control of calibration, reduction of eye instability, maintenance of ocular alignment). Ocular instability, nystagmus, saccadic intrusions, impaired smooth pursuit, impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), and ocular misalignment are at the core of oculomotor cerebellar deficits. As a motor speech disorder, ataxic dysarthria is highly suggestive of cerebellar pathology. Regarding motor control of limbs, hypotonia, a- or dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, grasping deficits and various tremor phenomenologies are observed in cerebellar disorders to varying degrees. There is clear evidence that the cerebellum participates in force perception and proprioceptive sense during active movements. Gait is staggering with a wide base, and tandem gait is very often impaired in cerebellar disorders. In terms of cognitive and affective operations, impairments are found in executive functions, visual-spatial processing, linguistic function, and affective regulation (Schmahmann's syndrome). Nonmotor linguistic deficits including disruption of articulatory and graphomotor planning, language dynamics, verbal fluency, phonological, and semantic word retrieval, expressive and receptive syntax, and various aspects of reading and writing may be impaired after cerebellar damage. The cerebellum is organized into (a) a primary sensorimotor region in the anterior lobe and adjacent part of lobule VI, (b) a second sensorimotor region in lobule VIII, and (c) cognitive and limbic regions located in the posterior lobe (lobule VI, lobule VIIA which includes crus I and crus II, and lobule VIIB). The limbic cerebellum is mainly represented in the posterior vermis. The cortico-ponto-cerebellar and cerebello-thalamo-cortical loops establish close functional connections between the cerebellum and the supratentorial motor, paralimbic and association cortices, and cerebellar symptoms are associated with a disruption of these loops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bodranghien
- FNRS ULB-Erasme, Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amy Bastian
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carlo Casali
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Rome Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- FNRS ULB-Erasme, Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Peter Mariën
- Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, CLIN, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA Middelheim General Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dennis A Nowak
- Helios Klinik Kipfenberg, Kindingerstrasse 13, D-85110, Kipfenberg, Germany
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstraße, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioural Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Rome Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- Rehabilitation Centre, Movement Analysis LAB, Policlinico Italia, Rome, Italy
| | - Katharina Marie Steiner
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Caroline Tilikete
- CRNL INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292, Team ImpAct, Bron, F-69676, France
- Lyon I University, Lyon, F-69373, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-Ophthalmology and Neurology D, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, F-69677, France
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Kim van Dun
- Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA Middelheim General Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Navit S, Chadha D, Khan SA, Singh RK, Johri N, Navit P, Sharma A, Bahuguna R. The Mystery of Handprints: Assesment and Correlation of Dermatoglyphics with Early Childhood Caries A Case-Control Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC44-8. [PMID: 26557615 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/15513.6639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been acknowledged that genetics play a significant role in determination of dermatoglyphic patterns. Since caries is a multifactorial disease with the influence of genetic pattern, this study was undertaken to assess dermatoglyphic patterns and correlate them with early childhood caries. AIM The aim of the study was to determine the association and correlation of dermatoglyphic patterns with early childhood caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 100 children aged between 3 and 6 years, divided into two groups of 50 children each. The deft score was evaluated to select the experimental group and control group. Finger and palm prints were recorded using the ink method described by Cummins and Midlo. The handprints obtained were checked for their clarity with a magnifying glass (×2) and coded. The presence of core and the triradii of the dermatoglyphic pattern were checked thoroughly to include the handprint in the study. A total of 1000 digital prints and 200 palmar prints were obtained. RESULTS The presence of whorls in the index finger of the right hand predicts significantly lower risk of caries in children (male and female; combined). Presence of whorls in the ring finger of the right hand predicts significantly lower risk of caries in female children. Statistically no correlation between atd angle and early childhood caries was obtained from the present data. CONCLUSION The results obtained from the present study creates a notion on the validity of the results of the previous studies and point them to be chance findings. Due to increasing acceptability of dermatoglyphics as a diagnostic tool for congenital diseases, further large scale extensive research should be undertaken to evaluate the role of the same in children with Early Childhood Caries (ECC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Navit
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital , Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Dheera Chadha
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital , Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Suleman Abbas Khan
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital , Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Rahul Kumar Singh
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital , Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Nikita Johri
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital , Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Pragati Navit
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics, Chandra Dental College , Lucknow, India
| | - Anshul Sharma
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital , Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Rachana Bahuguna
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research , Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
| |
Collapse
|