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Krishnakumar P, Sundaramurthy S, Baredar P, Suresh A, Khan MA, Sharma G, Zahmatkesh S, Amesho KTT, Sillanpää M. Pyrolytic conversion of human hair to fuel: performance evaluation and kinetic modelling. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:125104-125116. [PMID: 37099105 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
There are several environmental and human health impacts if human hair waste is not adequately disposed of. In this study, pyrolysis of discarded human hair was carried out. This research focused on the pyrolysis of discarded human hair under controlled environmental conditions. The effects of the mass of discarded human hair and temperature on bio-oil yield were studied. The proximate and ultimate analyses and calorific values of disposed of human hair, bio-oil, and biochar were determined. Further, chemical compounds of bio-oil were analyzed using a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer. Finally, the kinetic modeling and behavior of the pyrolysis process were characterized through FT-IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Based on the optimized mass of disposed of human hair, 250 g had a better bio-oil yield of 97% in the temperature range of 210-300 °C. The different parameters of bio-oil were: pH (2.87), specific gravity (1.17), moisture content (19%), heating value (19.34 MJ/kg), and viscosity (50 CP). C (56.4%), H (6.1%), N (0.16%), S (0.01%), O (38.4%), and Ash (0.1%) were discovered to be the elemental chemical composition of bio-oil (on a dry basis). During breakdown, the release of different compounds like hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and alcohols takes place. According to the GC-MS results, several amino acids were discovered in the bio-oil, 12 abundant in the discarded human hair. The FTIR and thermal analysis found different concluding temperatures and wave numbers for functional groups. Two main stages are partially separated at about 305 °C, with maximum degradation rates at about 293 oC and 400-4140 °C, respectively. The mass loss was 30% at 293 0C and 82% at temperatures above 293 0C. When the temperature reached 4100C, the entire bio-oil from discarded human hair was distilled or thermally decomposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Krishnakumar
- Department of Energy, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suresh Sundaramurthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Baredar
- Department of Energy, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arisutha Suresh
- M/S Eco-Science & Technology, Bhopal, 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11541, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Lab. for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
- School of Science and Technology, Global University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, P.O. Box, Behshahr, 48518-78195, Iran.
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Kassian T T Amesho
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- The International University of Management, Centre for Environmental Studies, Main Campus, Dorado Park Ext 1, Windhoek, Namibia
- Destinies Biomass Energy and Farming Pty Ltd, P.O.Box 7387, Swakomund, Namibia, South Africa
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
- Zhejiang Rongsheng Environmental Protection Paper Co. LTD, NO.588 East Zhennan Road, Pinghu Economic Development Zone, Zhejiang, 314213, People's Republic of China
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Tyler Watkins W, Moore JA, Hugo GD, Siebers JV. Dose to mass for evaluation and optimization of lung cancer radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol 2017; 125:344-350. [PMID: 29031611 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate potential organ at risk dose-sparing by using dose-mass-histogram (DMH) objective functions compared with dose-volume-histogram (DVH) objective functions. METHODS Treatment plans were retrospectively optimized for 10 locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients based on DVH and DMH objectives. DMH-objectives were the same as DVH objectives, but with mass replacing volume. Plans were normalized to dose to 95% of the PTV volume (PTV-D95v) or mass (PTV-D95m). For a given optimized dose, DVH and DMH were intercompared to ascertain dose-to-volume vs. dose-to-mass differences. Additionally, the optimized doses were intercompared using DVH and DMH metrics to ascertain differences in optimized plans. Mean dose to volume, Dv‾, mean dose to mass, DM‾, and fluence maps were intercompared. RESULTS For a given dose distribution, DVH and DMH differ by >5% in heterogeneous structures. In homogeneous structures including heart and spinal cord, DVH and DMH are nearly equivalent. At fixed PTV-D95v, DMH-optimization did not significantly reduce dose to OARs but reduced PTV-Dv‾ by 0.20±0.2Gy (p=0.02) and PTV-DM‾ by 0.23±0.3Gy (p=0.02). Plans normalized to PTV-D95m also result in minor PTV dose reductions and esophageal dose sparing (Dv‾ reduced 0.45±0.5Gy, p=0.02 and DM‾ reduced 0.44±0.5Gy, p=0.02) compared to DVH-optimized plans. Optimized fluence map comparisons indicate that DMH optimization reduces dose in the periphery of lung PTVs. CONCLUSIONS DVH- and DMH-dose indices differ by >5% in lung and lung target volumes for fixed dose distributions, but optimizing DMH did not reduce dose to OARs. The primary difference observed in DVH- and DMH-optimized plans were variations in fluence to the periphery of lung target PTVs, where low density lung surrounds tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tyler Watkins
- University of Virginia, Department of Radiation Oncology, Charlottesville, United States.
| | - Joseph A Moore
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Baltimore, United States
| | - Geoffrey D Hugo
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Richmond, United States
| | - Jeffrey V Siebers
- University of Virginia, Department of Radiation Oncology, Charlottesville, United States
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