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Wong YS, Yu J. Left superior parietal lobe mediates the link between spontaneous mind-wandering tendency and task-switching performance. Biol Psychol 2024; 185:108726. [PMID: 38036262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
While increasing studies have documented the link between mind wandering and task switching, less is known about which brain regions mediate this relationship. Using the MPI-Leipzig Mind-Brain-Body dataset (N = 173), we investigated the association between trait-level tendencies of mind wandering, task-switching performance, structural connectivity, and resting-state functional connectivity. At the behavioral level, we found that higher spontaneous mind-wandering trait scores were associated with shorter reaction times on both repeat and switch trials. The whole brain cortical thickness analysis revealed a strong mediating role of the left superior parietal lobe, which is part of the dorsal attention network, in the link between spontaneous mind-wandering tendency and task-switching performance. The resting-state functional connectivity analysis further demonstrated that this association was partly mediated by the negative dorsal attention network-default mode network functional connectivity. No significant mediating effects were found for deliberate mind-wandering tendency. Overall, the findings highlight the pivotal role of the left superior parietal lobe in activating new mental set during mind-wandering and task-switching processes, providing another evidence in favor of a role for switching in mind wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Wong
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Science of Learning in Education Centre, Office of Education Research, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Junhong Yu
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Wong YS, Pat N, Machado L. Commonalities between mind wandering and task-set switching: An event-related potential study. Neuropsychologia 2023; 185:108585. [PMID: 37169065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has established that mind wandering does not necessarily disrupt one's task-switching performance. Here we investigated the effects of mind wandering on electrophysiological signatures, measured using event-related potentials (ERPs), during a switching task. In the current study, a final sample of 22 young adults performed a task-switching paradigm while electroencephalography was continuously recorded; mind wandering was assessed via thought probes at the end of each block. Consistent with previous research, we found no significant disruptive effects of mind wandering on task-switching performance. The ERP results showed that at the posterior electrode sites (P3, Pz, and P4), P3 amplitude was higher for mind-wandering switch trials than on-task switch trials, thus opposing the typical pattern of P3 attenuation during periods of mind wandering relative to on-task episodes. Considering that increased P3 amplitude during higher-order switch trials (e.g., response rule switching) may reflect the implementation of new higher-order task sets/rules, the current findings seem to indicate similar executive control processes underlie mind wandering and task-set switching, providing further evidence in favor of a role for switching in mind wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Wong
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Narun Pat
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Hrivikova K, Marko M, Karailievova L, Romanova Z, Oravcova H, Riecansky I, Jezova D. Neuroendocrine response to a psychosocial stress test is not related to schizotypy but cortisol elevation predicts inflexibility of semantic memory retrieval. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 154:106287. [PMID: 37182519 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An altered stress response can contribute to the transition from preclinical psychotic symptoms to the clinical manifestation of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The present study was aimed at testing the hypotheses that (i) the autonomic and neuroendocrine responses under psychosocial stress are dysregulated in individuals with high psychosis proneness (schizotypy); (ii) the magnitude of post-stress autonomic activation and cortisol release predicts alterations in semantic memory retrieval. The study was performed in 73 healthy individuals of both sexes with either high or low schizotypal traits preselected out of 609 individuals using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. A psychosocial stress procedure based on public speech was used as a stress model. We found that individuals with high schizotypy engaged in less adaptive emotional stress-coping strategies than low schizotypy individuals. Yet, the neuroendocrine, immune, and sympathetic activation in response to the stress test was not different between the groups. Irrespective of the exposure to the stressor, individuals with high schizotypy were less fluent when retrieving associations from semantic memory. In addition, we demonstrated that acute psychosocial stress reduced the flexibility of semantic memory retrieval. The post-stress mental inflexibility was reliably predicted by the concomitant elevation of cortisol concentrations in saliva. The present study thus brings novel evidence indicating that the acute psychosocial challenge impairs retrieval flexibility in the semantic domain, which may be due to neuroendocrine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hrivikova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Marko
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L Karailievova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Z Romanova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - H Oravcova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - I Riecansky
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - D Jezova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Anziano M, Mouthon M, Thoeny H, Sperber C, Spierer L. Mental flexibility depends on a largely distributed white matter network: Causal evidence from connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping. Cortex 2023; 165:38-56. [PMID: 37253289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mental flexibility (MF) refers to the capacity to dynamically switch from one task to another. Current neurocognitive models suggest that since this function requires interactions between multiple remote brain areas, the integrity of the anatomic tracts connecting these brain areas is necessary to maintain performance. We tested this hypothesis by assessing with a connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping approach the effects of white matter lesions on the brain's structural connectome and their association with performance on the trail making test, a neuropsychological test of MF, in a sample of 167 first unilateral stroke patients. We found associations between MF deficits and damage of i) left lateralized fronto-temporo-parietal connections and interhemispheric connections between left temporo-parietal and right parietal areas; ii) left cortico-basal connections; and iii) left cortico-pontine connections. We further identified a relationship between MF and white matter disconnections within cortical areas composing the cognitive control, default mode and attention functional networks. These results for a central role of white matter integrity in MF extend current literature by providing causal evidence for a functional interdependence among the regional cortical and subcortical structures composing the MF network. Our results further emphasize the necessity to consider connectomics in lesion-symptom mapping analyses to establish comprehensive neurocognitive models of high-order cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Anziano
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Mouthon
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Harriet Thoeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Cantonal Hospital of Fribourg, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Sperber
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Konjedi S, Maleeh R. The dynamic framework of mind wandering revisited: How mindful meta-awareness affects mental states' constraints. Conscious Cogn 2021; 95:103194. [PMID: 34419729 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic framework of mind wandering (Christoff, Irving, Fox, Spreng, & Andrews-Hanna, 2016) is reviewed and modified through integrating the construct of mindful meta-awareness. The dynamic framework maintains that mind wandering belongs to a family of spontaneous thought phenomena. The key defining feature of mind wandering is 'spontaneity' which characterizes the dynamic nature of thoughts in the framework. The argument is made that incorporating the mindful meta-awareness construct modifies the dynamic framework as follows: (1) the framework's criteria for mind wandering do not hold anymore as meta-awareness changes the relationship between thoughts and constraints, and (2) lucid dreaming can be categorized as unguided thought while at the same time being dependent on deliberate constraints. Finally, the application of this modified framework will be discussed in terms of the treatment of mental disorders related to spontaneous thought alterations, in particular depression and nightmares.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Maleeh
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany; School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
The Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare developmental disorder that contributed by multiple genes. Phenotypically, infants with PWS exhibit hypotonia and developmental delay, whilst older children and adults have cognitive impairments, neuropsychiatric symptoms, impaired motor development, neurological anomalies, endocrine dysfunctions like growth hormone (GH) deficiency, and hyperphagia that leads to obesity. Although mechanisms remain elusive, GH treatment has been recommended as the standard treatment for PWS children. In addition to better motor development, improved body composition and linear growth have been well established, but mental flexibility and behavioural problems remained largely untouched. This review will systemically analyze the recent clinical trials of GH treatment on PWS patients. The emphasis is on the mental and behavioural improvements by GH treatment, and a few concerns to initiate GH treatment. This review will finally propose possible future explorations on basic studies that may shed new light on clinical trials of GH treatment on PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Gritscience Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Life Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
This meta-analytical review assesses the utility of the Trail Making Test (TMT), versions A and B, in detecting migraine-related cognitive deficits. A comprehensive literature search was performed in two electronic databases and other sources to obtain relevant studies administering TMT to migraine patients. Search terms included “migraine” and “Trail Making”. Only studies in which the TMT-A, TMT-B or both were administered to adult patients suffering from migraine with and without aura were included. All pooled meta-analyses were based on random effects models. A total of 14 studies for TMT-A and 15 for TMT-B met inclusion criteria and were subjected to meta-analyses. Results showed that performance is worse in migraine patients than in controls for both the TMT-A (Hedges’ g = −.28) and TMT-B (g = −.37), with no difference between migraine with and without aura. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the TMT in detecting cognitive alterations in migraine. This test should be considered for inclusion in cognitive batteries assessing patients with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Vallesi
- Department of Neuroscience & Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 5, Padova, 35128, Italy. .,Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, 30126, Italy.
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van den Berg L, de Weerd A, Reuvekamp M, van der Meere J. Cognitive control deficits in pediatric frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 102:106645. [PMID: 31760200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Executive dysfunction and behavioral problems are common in children with epilepsy. Inhibition and shifting, both aspects of cognitive control, seem related to behavior problems and are thought to be driven mainly by the frontal lobes. We investigated if inhibition and shifting deficits are present in children with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). Secondly, we studied the relationship between these deficits and behavior problems. Thirty-one children were administered the Stroop Color Word Test and a digital version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Parents completed the Behavioral Rating Inventory for Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Achenbach scale (Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)). About 20% of the children displayed significant low results on the Stroop Effect. About 60% showed shifting problems on the WCST. Parents reported cognitive control and behavioral deficits in about a third of the children. Also, behavioral problems and deficits in inhibition and shifting in daily life (BRIEF) seem to be related. There were no correlations between questionnaires and the Stroop and the WCST. Only in the group of children with many perseverative errors there were especially high correlations between Inhibit of the BRIEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia van den Berg
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Postbus 563, 8000 AN Zwolle, Netherlands; RijksUniversiteitGroningen, Faculteit Gedrags- & Maatschappijwetenschappen, Klinische & Ontwikkelingsneuropsychologie, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Al de Weerd
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Postbus 563, 8000 AN Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Marieke Reuvekamp
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Postbus 563, 8000 AN Zwolle, Netherlands
| | - Jaap van der Meere
- RijksUniversiteitGroningen, Faculteit Gedrags- & Maatschappijwetenschappen, Klinische & Ontwikkelingsneuropsychologie, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, Netherlands
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McDougall GJ, Han A, Staggs VS, Johnson DK, McDowd JM. Predictors of instrumental activities of daily living in community-dwelling older adults. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2019; 33:43-50. [PMID: 31711593 PMCID: PMC10613508 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric mental health clinicians often rely on proxy and self-report evaluations to determine the cognitive function of older adults however, performance measures have greater accuracy and predictive ability for everyday function. This study tested physical and cognitive predictors of functional abilities in fifty-one community residing older adults. We administered a computerized battery of executive function tasks, a performance-based measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and three physical function measures (grip strength, 30-second Chair Stand Test, and 8-foot Up and Go). Regression models assessed the associations of three components of executive function (updating, shifting, and inhibition) with IADLs and physical functions. Updating was a significant predictor of the Medications and Financial DAFS scores and of grip strength. Shifting also predicted grip strength. In conclusion, different executive functions predict different domains of IADL functioning. Working memory was a robust predictor of IADL functioning in older adults, especially medication management skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J McDougall
- Florida State University, College of Nursing, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4310, USA.
| | - Areum Han
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1212, USA
| | - Vincent S Staggs
- Health Services & Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, and School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - David K Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Joan M McDowd
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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Varjacic A, Mantini D, Demeyere N, Gillebert CR. Neural signatures of Trail Making Test performance: Evidence from lesion-mapping and neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 2018; 115:78-87. [PMID: 29596856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Trail Making Test (TMT) is an extensively used neuropsychological instrument for the assessment of set-switching ability across a wide range of neurological conditions. However, the exact nature of the cognitive processes and associated brain regions contributing to the performance on the TMT remains unclear. In this review, we first introduce the TMT by discussing its administration and scoring approaches. We then examine converging evidence and divergent findings concerning the brain regions related to TMT performance, as identified by lesion-symptom mapping studies conducted in brain-injured patients and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies conducted in healthy participants. After addressing factors that may account for the heterogeneity in the brain regions reported by these studies, we identify future research endeavours that may permit disentangling the different processes contributing to TMT performance and relating them to specific brain circuits.
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Mogadam A, Keller AE, Taylor MJ, Lerch JP, Anagnostou E, Pang EW. Mental flexibility: An MEG investigation in typically developing children. Brain Cogn 2017; 120:58-66. [PMID: 29065995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mental flexibility is a core property of cognitive executive functions, relying on an extended frontoparietal network in the brain. fMRI research comparing typically developing children and adults has found that children from an early age recruit the same "classic" brain areas associated with mental flexibility as adults; however, there is evidence that the timing of activation may be different. To investigate the temporal dynamics of brain activity associated with mental flexibility in children, we recruited 22 typically developing children (8-15 years) to complete a set-shifting task in the MEG. Our results showed that while the children relied on the same frontoparietal network of mental flexibility, there was a different emphasis on active brain regions, with children preferentially using their posterior parietal cortices. Additional areas such as the temporal pole and the premotor areas were also recruited, potentially playing a supporting role. Although children shared the same window of peak activity as adults, 75-350ms, we found a significant decrease in activation latency with increasing age, suggesting the presence of developmental differences in timing of brain activity in areas supporting mental flexibility during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mogadam
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne E Keller
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Psychology & Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth W Pang
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
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Abstract
The cerebellum has long been perceived as a structure responsible for the human motor function. According to the contemporary approach, however, it plays a significant role in complex behavior regulatory processes. The aim of this study was to describe executive functions in patients after cerebellar surgery. The study involved 30 patients with cerebellar pathology. The control group comprised 30 neurologically and mentally healthy individuals, matched for sex, age, and number of years of education. Executive functions were measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), Trail Making Test (TMT), and working memory by the Digit Span. Compared to healthy controls, patients made more Errors and Perseverative errors in the WCST, gave more Perseverative responses, and had a lower Number of categories completed. The patients exhibited higher response times in all three parts of the SCWT and TMT A and B. No significant differences between the two groups were reported in their performance of the SCWT and TMT with regard to the measures of absolute or relative interference. The patients had lower score on the backward Digit Span. Patients with cerebellar pathology may exhibit some impairment within problem solving and working memory. Their worse performance on the SCWT and TMT could, in turn, stem from their poor motor-somatosensory control, and not necessarily executive deficits. Our results thus support the hypothesis of the cerebellum's mediating role in the regulation of the activity of the superordinate cognitive control network in the brain. (JINS, 2016, 22, 47-57).
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Mathy F, Friedman O, Courenq B, Laurent L, Millot JL. Rule-based category use in preschool children. J Exp Child Psychol 2014; 131:1-18. [PMID: 25463350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report two experiments suggesting that development of rule use in children can be predicted by applying metrics of complexity from studies of rule-based category learning in adults. In Experiment 1, 124 3- to 5-year-olds completed three new rule-use tasks. The tasks featured similar instructions but varied in the complexity of the rule structures that could be abstracted from the instructions. This measure of complexity predicted children's difficulty with the tasks. Children also completed a version of the Advanced Dimensional Change Card Sorting task. Although this task featured quite different instructions from those in our "complex" task, performance on these two tasks was correlated, as predicted by the rule-based category approach. Experiment 2 predicted findings of the relative difficulty of the three new tasks in 36 5-year-olds and also showed that response times varied with rule structure complexity. Together, these findings suggest that children's rule use depends on processes also involved in rule-based category learning. The findings likewise suggest that the development of rule use during childhood is protracted, and the findings bolster claims that some of children's difficulty in rule use stems from limits in their ability to represent complex rule structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Mathy
- BCL Lab, UMR 7320, Department of Psychology, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06357 Nice, France.
| | - Ori Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brigitte Courenq
- BCL Lab, UMR 7320, Department of Psychology, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06357 Nice, France
| | - Lucie Laurent
- BCL Lab, UMR 7320, Department of Psychology, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06357 Nice, France; Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de l'Environnement Ledoux, Université de Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Millot
- Neurosciences Laboratory of Besançon EA-481, Université de Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
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Abstract
The present study investigated the involvement of bottom-up and top-down control in task-switching situations in which tasks are selected on a voluntary basis. We tested for indices of both types of control in the reduction in switch cost that is observed when more time is available before executing a task. Participants had to indicate their task choice overtly prior to the actual task execution, and two time intervals were manipulated: the interval between the task-execution response of the previous trial and task-indication response of the current trial and the interval between task-indication response and task-execution response of a particular trial. In Experiment 1, the length of these intervals was manipulated orthogonally, and indices for top-down and bottom-up control were observed. Concerned with the validity of these results, Experiments 2-3 additionally discouraged participants from preparing the upcoming task before their task-indication response. Indices for bottom-up control remained, but not for top-down control. The characteristics of top-down and bottom-up control in voluntary task switching and task switching in general are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Demanet
- a Department of Experimental Psychology , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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