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Liu Z, Li J, Chen Q, Zhao X, Peng F, Zhang H. Associations of multiple metal intake with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in US adults stratified by age and sex: A prospective cohort from the NHANES database study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127416. [PMID: 38422786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVES The relationship between dietary metal intake and mortality risk is controversial, and we investigated the relationship between intake of five metals (iron, copper, selenium, zinc, and magnesium) and all-cause, cardiovascular mortality in the total population, gender subgroups, and age subgroups. MATERIALS AND METHODS 17,207 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2009 to 2016 were included in this study. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, and restrictive cubic spline (RCS) curves were used to explore the association between metal intake and all-cause, cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS In this study, the average dietary metal intake of men and older people was lower than that of women and younger people. The RCS curves found in the whole population that all-cause mortality was negative linearly associated with copper intakes, L-shaped with zinc and magnesium intakes. Further subgroup analyses of copper, zinc, and magnesium by age and gender revealed that only magnesium showed statistically significant differences in the age subgroups. In the 20-40 population, there was a non-linear increasing trend in magnesium intake and all-cause mortality, whereas there was a non-linear decreasing trend in the > 60 population. CONCLUSION The relationship between metal intake and mortality is more than a simple linear correlation, and differences in age can affect this correlation. In metal exposure studies, different populations can be studied to better determine the effect of metal exposure on mortality. DATA AVAILABILITY The dataset used for statistical analysis in this study is available on the NHANES website: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Emergency and Difficult Diseases Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Emergency and Difficult Diseases Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, China
| | - Fenghua Peng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Emergency and Difficult Diseases Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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da Silva VD, de Mello Gabriel GV, Botero WG, Fernandes AP, do Carmo JB, de Oliveira LC. Leafy vegetables marketed as organic and conventional: assessment of essential and non-essential elements' content. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:758. [PMID: 36085206 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trace and potentially toxic elements represent one class of food contaminants that has stimulated research. In markets, two main methods of growing vegetables are generally available: conventional and organic. Conventional farming has been the target of some concerns about the use of agrochemicals, especially the excessive use of pesticides, whereas organic agriculture minimizes the use of agrochemicals. As the main route for potentially toxic elements' absorption by humans is by food intake, it is important to evaluate if the method of cultivation influences their concentrations. This study evaluated the levels of potentially toxic elements and nutrients on four leafy vegetables: curly lettuce, collard greens, escarole, and rocket, cultivated by conventional and organic farming. We found that Al, Ba, Fe, and Sr levels were higher in conventional samples, whereas K, Pb, and Zn were higher in organic. Amongst the elements analysed, values of Fe, Al, and K were around 0.2, 0.3, and 70 g kg-1, respectively, except in collard greens, in which the values were lower. On the other hand, Ba, Sr, and Mn presented higher concentration in collard greens compared to the other vegetables in conventional cultivation (~ 35, 80, and 120 mg kg-1, respectively). The principal component analysis result shows that the samples were grouped according to the type of vegetable, regardless of the type of cultivation. Despite this, the evaluation of the cultivation by different types of farming is important in order to choose the healthiest option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Dubas da Silva
- Institutional Program of Scientific and Technological Initiation Without Remuneration (ICT-SR), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Verônica de Mello Gabriel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wander Gustavo Botero
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Alagoas, 57309-005, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Alagoas, 57309-005, Brazil
| | - Janaina Braga do Carmo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Camargo de Oliveira
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, 18052-780, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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