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Peng T, Chen J, Liu R, Qu J. A benzothiophene-based fluorescent probe with dual-functional to polarity and cyanide for practical applications in living cells and real water samples. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 314:124198. [PMID: 38552540 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Polarity is a significant intracellular environmental parameter associated with cancer, while cyanide (CN-) is known to be highly toxic to humans. In this work, we designed a dual-functional fluorescent probe (TPABT) for simultaneous detection of polarity and CN-. As a polarity sensor, the probe exhibits NIR emission at 766 nm in 1,4-dioxane (non-polar solvent), whose emission intensity is 71-fold stronger than that in water (polar solvent). Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity and quantum yield are linearly related to solvent polarity, confirming the polarity response ability of TPABT. For cell polarity detection, low cytotoxicity and polarity sensitivity of probe enable the applications for differentiating cancer cells (HeLa, 4TI) from normal cells (HUV, 3 T3) and monitoring the polarity changes of 4TI cells. As a CN- sensor, TPABT displays a turn-on fluorescence at 640 nm upon the addition of CN-, with advantages of anti-interference, response in aqueous media and low detection limit (22 nM). Additionally, we further explored the practical applications of TPABT for CN- determination in three types of real water samples (drinking water, tap water and lake water) and living cells. Notably, TPABT responses to polarity and CN- in two independent fluorescence channels of 766 and 640 nm, respectively, ensuring the dual functions for polarity and CN- sensing. Consequently, this multi-responsive fluorescent probe TPABT is promising to diagnose polarity-related diseases and detect CN- in real environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Jinqing Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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Sun X, Li C, Meng X, Wang D, Zheng C. Multiresponsive luminescent sensors for antibiotics and Cr VI with two luminescent Zn II/Cd II coordination complexes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 306:123615. [PMID: 37948933 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Two new ZnII/CdII luminescent coordination polymers (CPs) based on the V-shaped bis(imidazole) ligand 3,6-bis (1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)-9-methyl-9H-carbazole (bbimc) with [1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid ligand (H2bpdc) have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions: {[Zn(bbimc)(bpdc)]·DMF·2.5H2O} (CP 1), {[Cd(bbimc)(bpdc)]·2DMF} (CP 2). CP 1 and CP 2 both display a uninodal 4-c unimodal sql topology 2D framework with vertex symbols of {44·62}. In addition, the two identical 2D nets of CP 2 were interpenetrated each other to form a 2D + 2D → 3D and generate a 2-fold interpenetrating architecture. Moreover, sensing investigations of CP 1 and CP 2 revealed that both of compounds can be used as a highly sensitive and selective multi-responsive luminescent sensor for sensing Cr2O72-, CrO42- and antibiotics (TC: Tetracycline; CTC: Chlortetracycline) in H2O by exhibiting fluorescence quenching with significant quenching constants (Ksv = 1.369 × 104 M-1 (Cr2O72-), 2.003 × 104 M-1 (CrO42-), 5.343 × 104 M-1 (TC), 8.706 × 104 M-1 (CTC) for CP 1 and 4.452 × 104 M-1 (Cr2O72-), 2.119 × 104 M-1 (CrO42-), 4.175 × 104 M-1 (TC), 1.257 × 105 M-1 (CTC) for CP 2). The detection limit are 0.67 μM (Cr2O72-), 0.48 μM (Cr2O72-), 0.23 μM (TC), 0.14 μM (CTC) for CP 1 and 0.28 μM (Cr2O72-), 0.54 μM (CrO42-), 0.31 μM (TC), 0.098 μM (CTC) for CP 2, respectively. In addition, the probable fluorescence quenching mechanism was studied through experiment and theoretical calculation and the co-existance of competitive absorption (CA) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) progress contributed to such sensing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, PR China
| | - Chaoxiong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, PR China
| | - Xianggao Meng
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Dunjia Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, PR China
| | - Chunyang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, PR China.
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Wu S, Shi J, Chen X, Bai L, Wu Q, Zhang G. Endogenous NO-release multi-responsive hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug encapsulation and delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 227:113346. [PMID: 37230051 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Novel multi-responsive drug delivery vehicles (CDs/PNVCL@HMSNs) were prepared by grafting amino-terminated poly (N-vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL-NH2) and amino-rich carbon dots (CDs) on the surface of aldehyde-functionalized HMSNs (HMSNs-CHO) via Schiff base reaction. The CDs were prepared from L-arginine and their surfaces were rich in guanidine. Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded into the nanoparticles to form drug loaded vehicles (CDs/PNVCL@HMSNs-DOX) and the drug loading efficiency was 58.38%. The drug release behaviors of CDs/PNVCL@HMSNs-DOX showed temperature and pH responsiveness due to the poly (N-vinyl caprolactam) (PNVCL) and Schiff base bond. The high concentration of NO released in high concentration H2O2 of tumor site could induce tumor cells apoptosis. The multi-responsive CDs/PNVCL@HMSNs are intriguing drug carriers, which combine drug delivery and NO release in one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials (Liaoning University), College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jinjing Shi
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials (Liaoning University), College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials (Liaoning University), College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials (Liaoning University), College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials (Liaoning University), College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials (Liaoning University), College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
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Li W, Zhao Y, Sun W, Dong T, Saldaña MDA, Sun W. Multi-responsive poly N-isopropylacrylamide/poly N-tert-butylacrylamide nanocomposite hydrogel with the ability to be adsorbed on the chitosan film as an active antibacterial material. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:1019-28. [PMID: 35381289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposite hydrogel composed of Poly N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM), poly N-tert-Butylacrylamide (PBAM) and poly acrylic acid (PAA) was synthesized by free radical polymerization, and then thymol was embedded in it, to design an active antibacterial material that could control release. The characterization of products used SEM, AFM, FTIR, Zeta sizer to analyze the sensitivity of nanoparticles to pH, temperature and salt ions, and the agar diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial effect of the polymers. The results showed that nanoparticles had pH, temperature and salt ion responsiveness, PNIPAM/PBAM (65:35) nanoparticles loaded thymol had longer release time (more than 24 h) at lower temperature than that (around 6 h) at high temperature. In addition, the nanoparticles could also be adsorbed on the chitosan film, which makes it have a wider range of applications. All thymol-loaded nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against both B. subtilis and E. coli, while the chitosan film adsorbed nanoparticles showed weak effect, which was related to the controlled and slow release of bacteriostatic agents. Thus, these copolymers have potential value in the development and application of bacteriostatic packaging films for food.
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Huo Z, Zhuang L, Shi G, He Y, Cui Z, Fu P, Liu M, Qiao X, Pang X. Preparation of highly colloidal stable Yolk-Shell nanocomposite and its multi-stimuli responsive based on surface aggregation-induced emission (S-AIE). J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 600:421-429. [PMID: 34023703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multi-stimuli responsive fluorescence probe could pave the way for monitoring more complex environmental changes. Here we prepared multifunctional nanoparticle Fe3O4@SiO2@P(DMAEMA-co-TPEE), which displayed yolk-shell morphology with well-defined polymer brush. With superparamagnetic Fe3O4 component and pH/temperature dual sensitive PDMAEMA polymer brush, the as prepared nanoparticles (YS-NPs) exhibited as multi-stimuli responsive fluorescence probe for real-time visual monitoring of environmental changes such as magnetic field, temperature and pH. Such YS-NPs could also be applied as a sensitive detector for CO2 in aqueous solution. Notably, the solution of YS-NPs showed high colloidal stability during the environmental changes, and surface aggregation-induced emission (S-AIE) was proposed for the aggregation of TPE residue on the surface of YS-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Huo
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Luoxin Zhuang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ge Shi
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanjie He
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhe Cui
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Minying Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoguang Qiao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Materials Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Rare Earth Composite Materials, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China.
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Saito N, Itoyama S, Kondo Y. Multi-responsive organo- and hydrogelation based on the supramolecular assembly of fluorocarbon- and hydrocarbon-containing hybrid surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 588:418-426. [PMID: 33429338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Novel photoresponsive hybrid surfactants, in which a combination of perfluoroalkyl and alkyl chains and cationic head groups are connected via azobenzene moieties, are excellent candidates for assembling low-molecular-weight organogels (LMOGs) with reversibly switchable viscoelasticities triggered by external stimuli. EXPERIMENTS The structure-composition-property relationships of gels assembled with the hybrid surfactants were investigated by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and rheology. FINDINGS Hybrid surfactants containing perfluorohexyl chains with more than six carbons gelled in a variety of organic solvents at concentrations of less than a few percent. In particular, compositions with the perfluorooctyl and somewhat shorter hydrocarbon chains (C1-C4) gelled in both organic solvents and water. The gellable solvent species can be well grouped according to their solubility parameters, suggesting that gelation properties can be predicted from the chemical structure of the surfactant. Mechanical and structural investigations revealed that gel viscoelasticity can be reversibly altered by applying photo, shear, and heat stimuli, which is achieved through the formation and deformation of lamella-like molecular aggregates. The multi-responsive gelation and facile molecular design of the present hybrid surfactants will expand the fields in which fluorinated LMOGs can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Saito
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Sekito Itoyama
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yukishige Kondo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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Zheng D, Bai B, He Y, Hu N, Wang H. Synthesis and characterization of dopamine-modified Ca-alginate/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microspheres for water retention and multi-responsive controlled release of agrochemicals. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:518-530. [PMID: 32479948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The multi-responsive controlled-release system could enhance crop yield while improving utilization efficiency of agrochemicals, and minimize environmental pollution caused by agrochemicals overuse. This work reports a novel Ca-alginate/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)@polydopamine (Ca-alginate/PNIPAm@PDA) microsphere to control the agrochemicals release. Microsphere with a semi-interpenetrating network, which contained pH-sensitive Ca-alginate, temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm), and sunlight-sensitive polydopamine (PDA), was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to prove the successful synthesis. Moreover, the comprehensive performances, including photothermal conversion, water absorbency, water retention, and controlled-release agrochemicals behaviors, were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the composite microsphere was a prosperous water and agrochemicals manager to effectively retain water and control the release of agrochemicals by external stimulation. Consequently, the Ca-alginate/PNIPAm@PDA microsphere with outstanding water-retention and controlled-release capacities is economical and eco-friendly and thus is promising for utilization as water and agrochemicals controlled-release carrier material in agriculture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining 810001, China.
| | - Yunhua He
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Na Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining 810001, China
| | - Honglun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Xining 810001, China
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Xiao W, Suby N, Xiao K, Lin TY, Al Awwad N, Lam KS, Li Y. Extremely long tumor retention, multi-responsive boronate crosslinked micelles with superior therapeutic efficacy for ovarian cancer. J Control Release 2017; 264:169-179. [PMID: 28847739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mortality rates for ovarian cancer have declined only slightly in the past forty years since the "War on Cancer" was declared. The current standard care of ovarian cancer is still cytoredutive surgery followed by several cycles of chemotherapy. The severe adverse effect from chemotherapy drug is a leading cause for the patients to fail in long term therapy post-surgery. New nanocarriers able to minimize the premature drug release in blood circulation while releasing drug on-demand at tumor site have profound impact on the improvement of the efficacy and toxicity profile of the chemotherapeutic drugs. Here we reported a unique type of extremely long tumor retention, multi-responsive boronate crosslinked micelles (BCM) for ovarian cancer therapy. We systemically investigated the stability of BCM in serum and plasma, and their responsiveness to acidic pH and cis-diols (such as mannitol, a safe FDA approved drug for diuresis) through particle size measurement and förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach. Paclitaxel (PTX) loaded BCM (BCM-PTX) exhibited higher stability than non-crosslinked micelles (NCM) in the presence of plasma or serum. BCMs possessed a longer in vivo blood circulation time when compared to NCM. Furthermore, BCM could be disassembled in an acidic pH environment or by administrating mannitol, facilitating drug release in an acidic tumor environment and triggered by exogenous stimuli after drug enrichment in tumor mass. Near infra-red fluorescence (NIRF) imaging on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer mouse model demonstrated that the NIR dye DiD encapsulated BCM could preferentially accumulate in tumor site and their tumor retention was very long with still 66% remained on 12th day post injection. DiD-NCM had similar high-level uptake in tumor with DiD-BCM within the first 3days, its accumulation, however, decreased obviously on 4th day and only 15% dye was left 12days later. In both formulations, the dye uptake in normal organs was mostly washed away within the first 24-48h. In in vivo tumor treatment study, PTX loaded BCM showed superior therapeutic efficacy than that of NCM and Taxol. The mice could tolerate 20mg/kg PTX formulated in nano-formulations, which doubled the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Taxol. The administration of mannitol 24h after BCM-PTX injection further improved the tumor therapeutic effect and elongated the survival time of the mice. The novel boronate-catechol crosslinked nanocarrier platform demonstrated its superior capability in targeted drug delivery, which is not only useful for ovarian cancer treatment but will also be beneficial for the therapy of many other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nell Suby
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kai Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Tzu-Yin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nasir Al Awwad
- Pathology College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha City 11074, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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